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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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brain ventricles
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Ventricular chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid and lined with ependymal cells.
- paired lateral ventricles - third ventricle - fourth ventricle |
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paired lateral ventricles
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- Large c-shaped chambers
Anteriorly lie close together and separated by septum pallucidum |
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third ventricle
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Each lateral ventricle communicates with the narrow third ventricle in the diencephalon via a channel called an interventricular foramen.
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fourth ventricle
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The third ventricle is continuous with the fourth ventricle via the canal-like cerebral aqueduct.
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- paired lateral aperatures
- median aperature |
Three openings mark the walls of the fourth ventricle: the paired lateral aperatures in its side walls and the median aperature in its roof.
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What do the aperatures do?
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Connect the ventricles to the subarachnoid space.
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What are gyri?
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Elevated ridges of tissue on surface of cerebral hemispheres.
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What are sulci?
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Sulci are shallow grooves separating the gyri on surface of cerebral hemisphere.
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What are fissures?
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Deeper grooves that separate large sections of the brain.
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median longitudinal fissure
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Separates the the cerebral hemispheres.
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transverse cerebral fissure
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Separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum below.
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sulci
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Divide each hemisphere into 5 lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula.
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central sulcus
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separates the frontal lobe fromthe parietal lobe.
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bordering the central sulcus
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precentral gyrus anteriorly and the postcentral gyrus posteriorly
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parieto-occipital sulcus
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- separates the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe
- located on the medial surface of the hemisphere |
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deep lateral sulcus
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outlines the flap-like temporal lobe and separates it from the parietal and frontal lobes
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What is the insula?
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A fifth lobe of the cerebral hemisphere, which is buried deep within the lateral sulcus and forms part of its floor. The insula is covered by portions of the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes.
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What are Brodmann's areas?
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An elaborate numbered mosaic of 52 cortical areas mapping the subtle variations in the thickness and structure of the cerebral cortex.
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What are the 3 kinds of functional areas in the cerebral cortex?
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1. motor areas
2. sensory areas 3. associations areas * all neurons in the cortex are interneurons* |
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motor areas of cortex
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control voluntary movement and lie in the posterior part of the frontal lobes
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primary (somatic) motor cortex
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located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of each hemisphere. Large neurons (pyramidal cells) in these gyri allow us to consciously control the precise or skilled voluntary movements of our skeletal muscles. Their long axons form the massive voluntary motor tracts called the pyramidal tracts or corticospinal tracts.
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What is somatotopy?
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The entire body is represented spatially inthe primary motor cortex of each hemisphere. Such a mapping of the body in CNS structures is called somatotopy.
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premotor cortex
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- just anterior to the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe
- this region controls learned motor skills of a repetitious or patterned nature, such as typing or playing a musical instrument |
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What is Broca's area?
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Broca's area lies anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area.
1. present in 1 hemisphere only (usually the left) 2. a special motor speech area that directs the muscles involved in speech production |
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frontal eye field
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is located partially in and anterior to the premotor cortex and superior to Broca's area. This cortical region controls voluntary movements of the eyes.
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sensory areas
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Sensory areas are concerned with conscious awareness of sensation. The sensory areas of the cortex occur in the parietal, insular, temporal, and occipital lobes.
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primary somatosensory cortex
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This cortex is in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, just posterior to the primary motor cortex. Neurons in this gyrus receive information from the general (somatic) sensory receptors in the skin and from proprioceptors (position sense receptors) in the skeletal muscles, joints, and tendons.
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spatial discrimination
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Neurons ability to identify the body region being stimulated.
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somatosensory association cortex
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This cortex lies just posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex and has many connections w/ it.
- major function is to integrate sensory inputs (temp, pressure, etc.) relayed to it via the primary somatosensory cortex to produce an understanding of an object being felt (its size, texture, and relationship of its parts. |
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primary visual (striate) cortex
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Seen on the extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe, but most is buried deep in the calcarine sulcus in the medial aspect of the occipital lobe.
- function is to receive visual info that originates on the retina of the eye. |
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primary auditory cortex
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located in the superior margin of the temporal lobe abutting the lateral sulcus. Sound energy exciting the inner ear receptors causes impulses to be transmitted to the prim. aud. cortex where they are interpreted as pitch, loudness, and location.
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visual association area
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communicates w/ the visual cortex to use poast visual experiences to recognize and to appreciate what we are seeing.
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olfactory (smell) cortex
(part of the primitive rhinoencephalon) |
lies on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe in a small region called the piriform lobe, dominated by the uncus. Impulses are sent along the olfactory tracts that are ultimately relayed to the ofactory cortices, leading to conscious awareness of different odors.
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gustatory (taste) cortex
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region involved in the preception of taste stimuli and located in the insula just deep to the temporal lobe.
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anterior association area
- also called the prefrontal cortex |
most complicated region of all. It is involved w/ intellect, complex learning abilities (cognition), recall, and personality. Contains working memory. Matures slowly and is heavily dependent on pos. and neg. feedback from one's social environment.
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posterior association area
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Large region encompassing parts of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. Plays a role in recognizing patterns and faces, localizing us and our surroundings in space, and in binding different sensory inputs into a coherent whole.
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limbic association area
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Includes the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, and the hippocampus. Provides the emotional impact which makes a scene important to us.
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cerebral dominance
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designates the hemisphere that is dominant for language. In 90% of people, the left hemisphere has greater control over language abilities, math, and logic.
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lateralization
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the phenomenon in which there is a division of labor and each hemisphere has unique abilities not shared by its partner.
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cerebral white matter
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deep to the cortical gray matter and is responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between the cerebral cortex and the lower CNS centers.
- consists largely of myelinated fibers bundled into large tracts |
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commissures
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connect corresponding gray areas of the 2 hemispheres enabling them to function as a coordinated whole.
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corpus callosum
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The largest commissure, which is superior to the lateral ventricles, deep w/in the longitudinal fissure.
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association fibers
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connect different parts of the same hemisphere.
- short fibers connect adjacent gyri. - long fibers are bundled into tracts and connect different cortical lobes. |
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projection fibers
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are those that enter the cerebral hemispheres from lower brain or cord centers and those that leave the cortex to travel to lower areas.
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basal nuclei
(also called basal ganglia) |
- masses of gray matter
- caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus constitute most of the mass of each group of basal nuclei. |
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role of basal nuclei
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play a part in regulating attention and in cognition. Particularly important in starting, stopping, and monitoring the intensity of movements executed by the cortex, especially those that are relatively slow or stereotyped, such as arm-swinging when walking. Also inhibit antagonistic or unnecessary movements, necessary to our ability to perform several activities at once.
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disorders of basal nuclei
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result in either too much or too little movement as exemplified by Huntington's chorea and Parkinson's disease.
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diencephalon
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consists largely of 3 paired structures:
- thalamus - hypothalamus - epithalamus - these gray matter areas collectively enclose the third ventricle |
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thalamus
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- important relay station
- consists of bilateral egg-shaped nuclei, forming the superolateral walls of the third ventricle. - 80% of the diencephalon - plays a key role in mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory. - gateway to the cerebral cortex |
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hypothalamus
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- positioned below the thalamus
- caps the brain stem and forms inferolateral wall of the third ventricle. - main visceral control center of the body and is vitally important ot overall body homeostasis |
