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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What divides the airway into upper and lower regions?
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Cricotracheal junction (from the trachea down is lower respiratory)
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ID the following structures:
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A - Arytenoid
B - Rima Glottis C - Corniculate process D - Cuneiform process E - Epiglottis F - Vocal fold |
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What is the swollen area of the ventral nasal concha known as?
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Alar fold
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How should a NG tube be placed?
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Initial dorsomedial then direct it ventral along the ventral nasal concha
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What is one of the main points of resistance in the upper airway? What structures influence this point?
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Rima Glottis (affected by motion of arytenoids via Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis)
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Which nerve innervates most of the muscles of the larynx?
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Recurrent laryngeal (Cricothyroideus is innervated by vagus)
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ID 4, 5, 6, and 7
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4 - Muscular process
5 - Arytenoid cartilage 6 - Thyroid cartilage 7 - Cricoid cartilage |
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T or F:
Increased inspiratory effort or restrictive breathing = upper airway disease. |
False!
Increased inspiratory effort IS indicative of upper airway disease but restrictive breathing is LOWER airway disease. |
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What are the 4 components of brachycephalic airway syndrome? How is each corrected?
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Stenotic nares (wedge resection)
Elongated soft palate (Partial staphylectomy) Everted laryngeal saccules (sacculectomy) Hypoplastic trachea (maybe tracheostomy) |
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Which parameter assesses ventilation?
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PaCO2 (gold standard); also PvCO2 and expired CO2 work
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A bulldog with stertor probably has...
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...brachycephalic airway syndrome
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What makes-up the primary palate? The secondary palate?
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Lips + premaxilla (primary)
hard and soft palates (secondary) |
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T or F:
Surgery of secondary palate defects should delayed until 8 weeks. |
True! Earlier surgery will lead to facial malformation.
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What happens in the advanced form of brachycephalic airway syndrome?
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Complete laryngeal collapse leading to cor pulmonale and R-CHF
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What is the most common complication of cleft palate surgery?
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dehisence
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Surgery of the nasal passages and sinuses is always accompanied by...
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..HEMORRHAGE
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What does GOLPP stand for?
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Geriatric
Onset Laryngeal Paralysis Polyneuropathy |
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Congenital laryngeal paralysis is common in which breeds?
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Bouviers, Bull Terriers, Rotties, Dalmations, Huskies
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What is a common signalment for GOLPP? What are common clinical findings?
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9yo golden, lab, st. bernard, irish setter
Findings include raspy breathing, hypothyroid |
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Describe paradoxical arytenoid motion.
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Paralyzed arytenoids move IN on inspiration (should move out normally)
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T or F:
Emergency tracheostomy is common in a lar-par emergency! |
False!
Sedate (Ace/Torb), give O2, and cool them down! |
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How is lar-par treated surgically? What is a common complication? What is the prognosis?
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Tx - unilateral arytenoid lateralization;
30% aspiration pneumonia; 80% do well (pretty good prognosis) |
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Where does the trachealis muscle attach in dogs?
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On the external surface
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What runs alongside (lateral to) the trachea?
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Carotid sheath (vagosympathetic trunk, internal jugular, carotid, lymphatics); recurrent laryngeal too
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What are the types of pneumocytes in the lungs? What is the function of each? Which is most abundant?
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Type I pneumocytes (most abundant; line alveoli)
Type II pneumocytes (produce surfactant) |
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Where can the pleural cavity be entered without danger of penetrating the lungs?
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Costodiaphragmatic and costmediastinal recesses
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Which muscles can be engaged if the diaphragm fails?
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External intercostal
Sternocleidomasoid Serratus ventralis Scalenus |
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Which muscles aid in expiration?
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Transversus thoracis
Internal intercostal Rectus abdominus |
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Where is most resistance during inspiration?
a) nasal b) laryngeal c) small airway |
a) nasal
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Where is most resistance during expiration?
a) nasal b) laryngeal c) small airway |
a) nasal
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Under what conditions does hemoglobin bind oxygen more?
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Increased pH
Decreased temperature Decreased DPG Decreased PCO2 |
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Under what conditions does hemoglobin release oxygen more readily?
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Decreased pH
Increased temperature Increased DPG Increased PCO2 |
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Where is respiration controlled?
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Medulla
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What obstructive respiratory conditions are common in dogs?
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Stenotic nares
Nasal tumors foreign bodies |
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What obstructive respiratory conditions are common in cats?
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Rhinitis and sinusitis
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Rapid shallow breaths can be evidence of:
a) decreased lung compliance b) obstructive conditions c) pneumothorax d) stenotic nares |
a) decreased lung compliance
c) pneumothorax |
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Anything affecting the pleural cavity or pleural space is considered a _____________ disorder.
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restrictive
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When performing a thoracocentesis, you feel a "scratching" sensation at the end of your needle. What are your next steps?
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Stop and withdraw a mm or two...that was just the lungs you were on!
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What do you do with fluid withdrawn in a thoracocentesis?
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Measure volume, perform cytology, maybe PCV, total solids, culture
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What is the next step on an animal that has persistent pleural effusion?
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Thoracostomy tube
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What is the common signalment for tracheobronchomalacia?
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Small breed dog with a honking cough
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What are some possible complications to surgical tracheal collapse treatment?
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Tracheal devasculariztaion
Laryngeal paralysis Breakage at thoracic inlet (stent) Inhibition of mucociliary clearance (stent) |
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What are two methods for surgically treating tracheal collapse? What is the prognosis?
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Stent and cervical support rings:
70% success rate |
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When performing a tracheaostomy, how wide should the horizontal slit be made?
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no more than 50% of tracheal circumference (more like 30%)
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What vein should be noted when performing a tracheostomy?
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Cranial thyroid vein
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What is the signalment for most tracheal tears?
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Cats, post dental procedure (ET tube trauma)
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What are the 2 types of lobectomy?
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Partial or complete
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How much lung can be removed without major complications?
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Up to 50%
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T or F:
The left lung comprises over 50% of overall lung tissue. |
False! This describes the RIGHT lung
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Which two dogs typically get lung lobe torsion and which lobe?
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Narrow, deep-chested dogs (right middle)
Pugs (left cranial) |
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When should a torsed lung lobe be untorsed?
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NEVER! perform a lobectomy to avoid reperfusion injuries!
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What are indications for lobectomy?
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Neoplasia
Infections Lung lobe torsion |
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What are post lobectomy compensation factors?
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1) recruitment of existing physiological reserves of diffusing capacity
2) remodeling of alveolar-capillary network 3) new or regenerative alveolar-capillary growth |
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Performing a thoracocentesis on a dog with lung lobe torsion should reveal...
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...serosanguinous or chylous fluid
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