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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Types of classification in history |
Artificial- 370bc-1ad Mechanical- some herbal books Natural - 1760-1880- Linnaeus, moderns Phylogenetic- 180-now. Molecular |
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Linnaeus classification system |
Binomial. Generic name and species epithet (common. Based on species as unit of classification |
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Classification units |
Domain Kingdom Phylum Sub phylum Class Order Family Sub family Genus Species |
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Some phylogeny characteristics |
Evolution of symmetry, tissues, body cavity, reproductions behaviour, embryonic development, segmentation |
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Usefulness of Linnaean classification |
Has limitations. 1. Many groups not monophyletic. 2. Ranks not equivalent in meaningful way. 3. When is a species a species? |
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Systematics |
Studying evolutionary relationships between taxa |
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Classification |
Putting groups into orders/hierarchies |
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Taxonomy |
Naming things |
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Nomenclature |
Rules of naming things |
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Modern systematics |
Reconstructing biological connections using genetics. Based on ID of clades |
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Clade |
Techniques for creating hierarchies Establishes similarities and differences |
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Cladistics |
Techniques for creating hierarchies . Establishes similarities and differences |
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Ancestral |
Traits derived from most recent common ancestor |
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Derived |
Traits that occurred more recently |
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What is required for classification |
Characters. Must be measurable, heritable,not enviro-dependent, reproductive strctures, genes are better but more difficult |
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Phenotype |
Visible characteristics |
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Genotype |
Genetic characteristics |
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What are the character states |
Derived and ancestral |
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Outgroup |
Comparison used to assign polarity. Closely related but not a member of the group |
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Plesiomorphy |
Ancestral states |
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Synapomorphy |
Derived character shared by clade members |
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Homoplasy |
Characters evolve independently more than once |
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Parsimony |
Like Occam's razor. Favour the hypothesis with the fewest assumptions |
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Is a phenotypical similarity typical of closest relatives |
Not necessarily. |
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Homology |
Inherited trait similar because of shared ancestor |
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Convergent |
Evolved separately and look similar - or wings, sabre teeth |
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Analogous features |
Evolved separately and look similar |
