C172

Ring topology where a token is passed between devices to dictate who can transmit.

Token ring with hub device that controls passing the token. Improves the topology reliability as the hub is less likely to fail as one of the devices attached to the network.

Also known as thinnet. Easy to set up but has numerous issues including being bandwidth inefficient.

Most common. With a switch as the hub transmissions only go between the necessary devices and devices can be hot swapped on and off the network.

Full redundancy. Increased cost to setup and hardware requirements make it unsuitable for general networking applications.

Development in 1984 to describe network functions from the physical interface to the software application. Ensuring compatibility in network hardware and software.

Provides electrical and mechanical connection to the network. Fiber and NICs are examples.

Handles error recovery, flow control, and sequencing. Defines MAC addresses to identify terminals involved in the transmission. Ethernet 802.3 is an example

Accepts outgoing messages and combines messages into packets. Adds the header to allow routing. IP is an example.

Concerned with message integrity between source and destination. It also segments and reassembles packets for flow control. TCP and UDP are examples.

Provides control functions necessary to establish, manage, terminate connections as required to satisfy the request. Examples are SQL.

Accepts and structures the messages for the application. Translates the message from one code to another if required. Performs data compression and encryption as well. JPEG is an example.

Interacts with programs that incorporates a comm component like email. Logs your message, interprets the request, determines what is needed to support the request. SMTP and HTTP are examples.

Layer 1: physical: transmit bitstream

Layer 2: data link: messages and bits

Layer 3: network: route messages

Layer 4: transport: messages

Layer 5: session: high level protocol

Layer 6: presentation:convert/format

Layer 7:application:request/response

Originated in 1972, usually uses CSMA/CD collision detection. Devices first listen and when no devices are transmitting it will transmit. Data is transmitted in packet format. Minimum frame size is 64 bytes max is 1518 bytes

Preamble

Start frame delimiter

Destination MAC address

Source MAC address

Length type

Data

Pad

Frame check sequence

Alternating binary used for synchronization

Eight bit sequence that indicates the start of the frame.

MAC address packet is being sent to

Sender's MAC address

Indication of the number of bytes in data field If less than 1500. It more than 1500 indicates the data format like IP.

The variable length of data being transmitted

Used to bring total bytes to 46 if data field isn't big enough.

4 byte CRC value used for error detection.

6 byte identifier of a network device.

32bit address divided into four eight bit parts.

Governments and large networks. 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255

Mid size companies, universities, etc. 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255

Small networks.

192.0.0.0 - 233.255.255.255

Reserved for multicast groups. 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255

10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255

172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255

192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

54mbps 75 feet 5ghz

11mbps 100-150ft 2.4ghz

54mbps 150ft 2.4ghz

Four times faster than G, 200+Mbps, 2.4ghz

Router is assigned one public IP. Devices connected to the router are assigned private IP addresses. Router tracks requests by assigning device's port numbers when using the public IP.

Method a router uses to track local devices when using a single public IP.

Uses internet control message protocol ICMP to verify if devices are connected to the network.

Twisted pair cables 1gbps up to a 100 meters.

Transmit and receive signals are crossed to align two communicating devices ports properly.

Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection. Used in Ethernet LAN.

Post of IP that defines the location of the device connecting to the network.

Internet assigned numbers authority, agency that assigned IP addresses to networks.

Internet control message protocol

Institute of electrical and electronics engineers. Standards setting body

Protocol used to verify that a communication link is established

Portion of IP address that defines which network the IP packet is from or going to.

First three bytes of a MAC that IDs the manufacturer of the network hardware.

Process the NAT uses to translate private IP addresses to a single public one.

Type of firewall that inspects incoming data packets to make sure they where requested

Media access control

Point where external services interconnect to the interval building cabling. ISP hardware for example

A room where complex equipment like network servers and telephony equipment is stored.

Location where cabling from the backbone terminates into the horizontal cabling.

Cabling that connects telecommunication closets, equipment rooms, and building entrance.

Cabling that extends from telecommunication closet to the LAN work area, telecommunication outlets in each work space.

The location where network connected devices like computers are located.

568B.1 commercial cabling standard

568B.2 twisted pair media

568B.3 Optics fiber standard

Attention to crosstalk. Compares signal level from transmitter at far end to near end. Determines the cables bandwidth.

Unwanted signal coupling from one permanent link to another.

The amount of loss in signal strength as it propagates down a cable.

Neither wire in a pair connects to ground

Measure of difference in arrival time between the fastest and slowest signal in a utp wire pair

Electronics industries alliance

Equal level transverse conversion transfer loss

Equal level next test but from the far end and does not depend on cable length.

100mbps system

Removes transmit signal from the receive signal

Longitudinal conversion loss

Measure of crosstalk within the cable. Higher level being desirable.

Percentage of the velocity of light.

Measures total crosstalk of all four cable pairs.

Measure of time it takes a signal to propagate down a cable.

Power sum alien attenuation crosstalk ratio far end.

Power sum ACR uses all for cable pairs.

Power sum alien near end crosstalk

Power sum ELFEXT all four pairs to measure signal level against crosstalk.

Measures ratio of power put into a cable compared to what comes out.

Transverse conversion loss

Transverse conversion transfer loss

Telecommunications industry association

Loss of light due to light breaking up and escaping into the cladding.

Responsible for 96% of attenuation loss. Caused by refraction of fiber.

Refers to broadening of a light pulse as it propagates down the fiber.

Material surrounding the core of an optical wave guide.

Reduces the recieve signal level.

10gb optical to fiber interface.

Shows terrain and routing of fiber.

Shows how data is distributed and how fiber is interconnected.

Light interaction with fiber. Conversion of optical power into heat

Broadening of a pulse due to different propagation velocities of spectral components of light pulses.

Incorporates the propagation of several 1550nm wavelengths in a single fiber.

Cancels dispersion effects to yield close to zero dispersion in the 1550nm region.

Ideal for use in a DWDM system

Short strand of modified fiber that changes the index of refraction and minimizes intersymbol interference.

Fiber to the business

Fiber to the curb

Fiber to the desktop

Fiber to the house

Index of refraction is gradually varied parabolically

Inline passive device that allows optical power to flow only in one direction

Shows how fiber is interconnected and data is distributed.

Broadening of pulse due to different path lengths.

Actual guided optical power distribution.

Fibers ability to accept light.

Shows routing of fiber with details of terrain, underground conduit, and entries into building.

Broadening of a pulse due to the different propagation velocities of light waves.

Stretching of recieved pulse width because of multiple paths taken by light.

Input signal to optical receiver

Ratio of the speed of light in free space to its speed in a given minute.

Core diameter 7-10 light follows a single path.

Synchronous optical network protocol standard for transmissions in long haul communication

Synchronous transport signals

1600 nm

2km

1550 and 1310

62.5

Measure is how well fiber passes light

850 and 1310

155.52mbps

80km

Source. Cable, connectors, photodiode.

Physical layer, medium access control layer, media access control management protocols and services.

Fundamental topology of WLAN

Used in 802.11b,g,n.

Used in 802.11a,g,n

Splits data into multiple streams, requires multiple antennas. Increased data speed multiplicative of the number is data streams.

Reflection of radio waves striking an RFID tag and reflecting back to the transmission source.

Used to verify the integrity of a wireless link

The use of multiple access points to extend user mobility.

The order of frequency changes

Used by Bluetooth devices to discover and be discovered by other Bluetooth devices.

Establishes and syncs a connection between Bluetooth devices.

Ad-hoc network of up to eight Bluetooth devices.

Remote authentication dial in user service

A wireless network protocol similar to the Ethernet protocol

Unlicensed national information infrastructure.

30 mile max range. 5.8 and 2.5ghz unlicensed frequencies.

Turn on security features, use firewall, use encrypted services.

Term used to describe that a wireless connection has been obtained.

Provides client MAC address

Supported bandwidth, connection points to network, RF coverage, electrical power

Used by access points to determine if a data packet is meant for its network.

Standard designed to improve the security of wireless networks

B 11, a 54, g 54, n 600. Mbps.

Doesn't require users provide SSID

Entire data frame must be recieved by the switch before it is sent to the final destination. Data packet is checked for errors but takes longer to transmit data.

Send data to destination as soon as location is read.

Filters out fragment collisions.

Used to map an IP address to its MAC address.

The sharing of route information

The length of time a MAC address remains assigned to a port

Also called the cache stores MAC addresses for faster routing.

10mbps Ethernet port.

Allows logging into the router without a network connection

Tool that simplifies switch configuration

MAC address table used by a switch to identify connected network devices

Channel service unit data service unit

Data terminal equipment, connects a CSU/dsu to outside com services

Carries the config information between each end of a data link. Used in auto negotiation.

When a switch doesn't have the destination MAC address stored in cam.

Network device that enables hosts in a LAN to connect to networks outside the LAN

Operates at layer two but functions at higher layers

Simplifies LAN config, can max data link through put. Useful in LAN with multiple users with multiple connection capabilities. Link only goes as fast as slowest connection

Shows contents of ARP cache

Network address, IP.

That the destination address for a networking device is connected to one of its ports.

Inexpensive, easy to install, avg reduces collision domains.

Isolates traffic, uses MAC address to forward, only forwards data to specific ports.

Serial interface

Layer two device that connects two LANs

Rs-232 and rj-45

Auxillary, Ethernet, serial

Address resolution protocol used to map an IP address to its MAC address.

Classless interdomain routing

Defines the protocols used for addressing and routing data packets

Defines how the hosts connect to the network.

Process requests from hosts to ensure a connection is made to the appropriate port.

Site level aggregation ID and is used by individual networks to ID the subnets in their site

Application, transport, internet, network interface

32bit

Double colon, 128bits, 32 hex characters.

Data streaming to multiple hosts, no error checking, data is handed to the application it arrives.

Attacker uses every possible combination of characters for the password.

Challenge handshake authentication protocol

data encryption standard, triple data encryption standard

Uses known passwords and many variations to try and gain access.

Key generation algorithm

The broadcast is sent to a specific subnet

Extensible authentication protocol

Encapsulating security protocol

Generic routing encapsulation

Internet key exchange

Internet security association and key management protocol

Message digest 5

-a lists all ports currently open. -b displays executable involved in creating the the connection or listening to a port.

Limits the information that can enter a network

A technique in which the contents of data packets are watched.

Password authentication protocol

User datagram protocol

DES, ESP, AES

No IP directed-broadcast

Secure VPN connection between two endpoints

Guarantees data confidentiality

Prevent intrusions

Preamble, destination address, source address, type/length, data, pad, FCS.

Controls which terminals are sending and receiving

SQL and NFS

TCP and UDP

Concept of extending a private or trusted network over public infrastructure.

Dial up protocol