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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
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social psychology
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the theory that we tend to give a causal explanation for someone's behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
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attribution theory
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the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
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fundamental attribution error
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a belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
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attitude
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the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
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foot-in-the-door phenomenon
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the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent
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cognitive dissonance theory
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when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
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cognitive dissonance theory
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adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
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conformity
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influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
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normative social influence
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influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
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informational social influence
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improved performance of tasks in the presence of others
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social facilitation
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occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered
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social facilitation
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the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
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social loafing
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the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
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deindividuation
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the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group
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group polarization
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the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
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groupthink
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an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members
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prejudice
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generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
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prejudice
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a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
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stereotype
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"Us" - people with whom one shares a common identity
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ingroup
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"Them" - those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup
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outgroup
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the tendency to favor one's own group
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ingroup bias
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the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
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scapegoat theory
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the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
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just-world phenomenon
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any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
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aggression
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the principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression
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frustration-aggression principle
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perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
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conflict
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a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
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social trap
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the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increase liking of them
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mere exposure effect
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an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
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passionate love
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the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
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companionate love
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a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
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equity
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revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
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self-disclosure
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unselfish regard for the welfare of others
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altruism
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the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
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bystander effect
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the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
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social exchange theory
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shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
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superordinate goals
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Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction
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GRIT
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a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
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GRIT
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