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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
is the universal fuel of human cells. |
Glucose |
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Every cell types in the human body is able to generate |
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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the pathway in which glucose is oxidized and cleaved to form . |
pyruvate. |
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is the major sugar in our diet and the sugar circulates in the blood to ensure that all cells have a continous fuel supply. |
Glucose |
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uses glucose almost exclusively as fuel. |
Brain |
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It is complex reaction due to it is used in other metabolic processes in the cell |
Metabolic intermediates |
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helps the cell to handle metabolic energy efficiently |
Multiple step pathway |
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- Demonstrated that blood sugar levels |
Claude Bernard |
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Claude Bernard demonstrated that blood sugar levels vary in the different area of the circulation in?
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Portal Blood - Hepatic Vein - |
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Higher blood sugar level in demonstration of claude bernard in circilation |
Hepatic vein |
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Lower blood sugar level in demonstration of claude bernard in circulation |
Portal vein |
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How many percent of food ingested is complex carbohydrates?
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60% |
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fragmented into simple monosacccharides |
Starch and Glycogen |
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- no digestive enzymes for humans |
Cellulose and Pentosans |
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bacterial enzyme that acts on cellulose , however, nutritive value is insignificant |
Cellulase |
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- acted upon by bacteria to produce organic acids , alcohols and carbon dioxide. |
Pentosans |
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Mainly occurs in the SI carried to the portal vein to the liver |
Absorbtion |
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Rate of absorption : Glucose - Galactose - Fructose - Mannose - Pentose |
Glucose -100% Galactose - 110% Fructose - 43% Mannose - 19% Pentose - 9-5% |
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actively absorbed and transported across the cell membrane by an energy dependent mechanism |
Glucose and Galactose |
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inhibitory to glucose absorption |
K AND Li |
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- Absorbed by facilitated transport. |
D-fructose and D-mannose |
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- Passively absorbed by simple diffusion |
Pentose |
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Galactose decreases the absorption orate of? 2 possible answers |
Galactose and xylose Glucose but no effect on xylose |
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structurally similar to glucose |
Phlorhizin |
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Phlorhizin (structurally similar to glucose) inhibits glucose transport and Causes? |
phlorhizin glycosuria |
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Ehat vitamins that affect the absorbtion of CHO? |
Thyroxine and the B complex |
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vitamins promote absorption of hexoses |
: (Thiamine , Pyridoxine , Pantothenic Acid) |
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- Increased sugar levels in the blood |
Hyperglycemia |
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,Result when the liver cannot completely clear the CHO from the blood and it goes to the systemic circulation |
Hyperglycemia |
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Capacity of a person to dispose off administered glucose |
Glucose tolerance test |
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Glucose tolerance tolerance Dose: Administration: Results: |
Dose: 1 g glucose/kg body weight Administration: orally or intravenously Results: Glucose level will rise from 90 to 140mg% in one hour |
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passageof carbohydrates (and lipids) in intestinal mucosal cells is inhibited |
SPRUE |
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CHO malabsorption/disaccharide intolerance |
- Lactose intolerance/ lactase deficiency syndrome - Sucrose intolerance - a-dextrinase deficiency (infants and children) |
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Incomplete digestion of amylopectin, maltose,sucrose |
a-dextrinasedeficiency |
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lactose leads to bacterial decomposition in the LARGE INTESTINE |
- Lactose intolerance/ lactase deficiency |
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blood glucose ranges NV = FBS = Postprandial = |
NV = 80 – 100 mg% FBS = 70– 100 mg% Postprandial = 130– 160 mg% |
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it is system is dependent on normalvalues blood glucose |
Cranial nervous system |
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isthe major energy source that crosses the blood-brain barrier |
Glucose |
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Ifglucose falls to 25 mg% |
>Person becomes stuporous >After 10 minutes = coma >Irreversible after 30 minutes |
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Themuscle can derive energy from |
ketonebodies |
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The ______ take up fatty acids and lactic acid fromblood and use as source of energy |
myocardium |
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isinsensitive to fluctuations of blood sugar levels |
Theheart |
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keeps blood sugar levels |
Physiologicaland Hormonal mechanisms |
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Physiological and hormonalmechanisms keeps blood sugarlevels at what mg% |
60% |
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Physiological Factors that lower blood glucose levels |
1. Glycogenesis 2. Glycolysis 3. Lipogenesis – 4. Formation of certain amino acids 5. Glucosuria – |
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transformation of glucose intoglycogen |
Glycogenesis – |
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utilization of glucose for heat and energy |
Glycolysis –
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– conversion of glucose to fats |
Lipogenesis
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excretion of glucose in the urine |
Glucosuria – |
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Insulin- Hormone secreted by ____ of islets of _______ in the _______. |
Insulin- Hormone secreted by B-cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
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hypoglycemic effect by; o Increasing ________ o Decreasing _________ o Increasing _________ o Promoting _________ |
o Increasing glycogenesis
o Decreasing gluconeogenesis o Increasing glucose utilization by tissues o Promoting lipogenesis |
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less phosphorylation |
Deficient insulin |
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Glucoseremains in the blood producing |
hyperglycemia |
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Ifits concentration exceeds the renal threshold, what will happen ? |
it will excreted in the urine |
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To cover energy requirements: (during a hypoglycemic state) |
Gluconeogenesis Lipolysis |
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Production of glucose from non-carbohydratesources like proteins |
Gluconeogenesis |
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- Breakdown of fats |
lipolysis |
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in lipolysis patient will loss how many glucose per day ? |
100-200g of glucose |
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complication of lipolysis |
o Renal excretion of acetoacetic acid and B-hydroxybutyric acid in the form of Na salts o The blood is depleted of Na producing acidosis o Large quantity of fluid is lost = dehydration |