Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Glucose, fasting
Reference range |
70-99 mg/dL
Reference range of? Physiological significance |
Glucose, fasting Major source of energy Decreased at rest |
|
Glucose, fasting
Physiological significance |
Major source of energy Decreased at rest
Biomolecule? Clinical significance |
Glucose, fasting
+: Hyperglycemia Causes: diabeties mellitus, acute stress, other endocrine disorders and pancreatitis
-: Hypoglycemia Insulinoma Insulin-induced hypoglycemia Hypopituitarism |
|
Glucose, fasting
Clinical signifiacne |
+: Hyperglycemia Causes: diabeties mellitus, acute stress, other endocrine disorders and pancreatitis
-: Hypoglycemia Insulinoma Insulin-induced hypoglycemia Hypopituitarism
Clinical significance of? |
Glucose, fasting |
|
Glucose, fasting
Metabolic pathway and testing |
Use Sodium floride to prevent glycolysis |
|
|
Glucose, fasting
Testing methods |
Common methods
Glucose oxidase Glucose hexokinase
Which one is preferred? Why? |
Glucose hexokinase
More accurate due to lesser interfering substances |
|
Why glucose hexokinase is the preferred method for "Glucose, fasting"? |
It is more accurate due to lesser interferent substances |
|
|
Cholesterol, Total Reference range |
Desirable: Less than 200 mg/dL
Reference range for? |
Cholesterol, total |
|
Cholesterol, total
Clinical significance |
Limited data for predicting CAD by itself, it is used in conjunction with HDL and LDL cholesterol.
Clinical significance of? What is CAD? |
Cholesterol, total
Coronary artery disease |
|
Cholesterol, Total
Testing methods |
Enzymatic methods are most common |
|
|
HDL cholesterol
Reference range |
Desirable: Over 60 mg/dL
Reference range for? What is the reference range for total cholesterol? |
HDL cholesterol
Total cholesterol: less than 200 mg/dL |
|
HDL cholesterol
Clinical signifiance |
Appears to be inversely related to CAD
Clinical significance of? |
HDL cholesterol |
|
HDL cholesterol
Testings + description |
Homogenous assay does not require pretreatment to remove non-HDL
1st reagent blocks non-HDL 2nd reagent reacts with HDL
Testing for? |
HDL cholesterol |
|
HDL cholesterol
Testing method: direct homogenous assay or homogenous assay |
Homogenous assay
It does not require pretreatment to remove what? |
non-HDL |
|
LDL cholesterol
Reference range |
Optimal: Less than 100 mg/dL
Reference range for? Reference range for HDL and Total cholesterol? |
LDL
HDL: over 60 mg/dL Total cholesterol: less than 200 mg/dL |
|
LDL cholesterol
Clinical significance |
Risk factor for CAD |
|
|
LDL cholesterol
Testing methods |
1. Calculated from Friedwald formula if triglycerides is less than 400 mg/dL
2. Measured by direct homogenous assay
Testing methods for? |
LDL cholesterol |
|
Triglycerides
Reference range |
Less than 150 mg/dL
Reference range of? Reference range of LDL and total cholesterol? |
Triglycerides
LDL: less than 100 mg/dL Total cholesterol: 200 mg/dL |
|
Triglycerides
Clinical significance |
Risk factor for CAD
Besides Triglycerides, what is the other risk factor for CAD? |
LDL cholesterol |
|
Triglycerides
Physiological significance |
Major form of lipid storage
Biomoleucle? Reference range? |
Tiglycerides: less than 150 mg/dL |
|
Triglycerides
Testing methods Requirements |
Enzymatic methods using lipase
Requires fasting specimen
Testing methods for? |
Triglycerides |
|
Risk factors for CAD List |
LDL Triglycerides |
|
|
What requires fasting specimen? |
Triglycerides Glucose, fasting |
|
|
Total protein
Reference range |
6.4-8.3 g/dL
Reference range for? |
Total protein |
|
Total protein
Units in reference range? |
g/dL
Units for the reference range of glucose, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol |
mg/dL |
|
Total protein
Reference range: 6.4-8.3 g/dL Less than 4.5g/dL |
Associated with Peripheral edema
range?
|
Less than 4.5 g/dL |
|
Total protein Clinical significance |
+: dehydration, chronic inflammation, multiple myeloma
-: dehydration, nephrotic syndrome, hepatic insufficiency, malnutrition, malabsorption, agammaglobulinemia |
|
|
Total protein
Testing method |
Biuret method
Alkaline copper reagent reacts with peptide bonds. |
|
|
Total protein
Biuret method Reagent? |
Alkaline copper
Mechanism |
Reacts with peptide bonds. |
|
Albumin Reference range |
3.5-5 g/dL
Reference range of? |
Albumin |
|
Albumin
Physiological significance |
Largest fraction of plasma proteins.
Biomoleucle? Reference range? |
Albumin 3.5-5 g/dL |
|
Albumin
Review: reference range |
3.5-5 g/dL
Biomolecule?
Physiological significance |
largest fraction of plasma proteins |
|
Albumin
Clinical significance |
+: dehydration
-: malnutrition, liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, chronic inflammation
Biomolecule? Reference range? |
Albumin 3.5-5 g/dL |
|
Albumin
Review Clinical significance |
+: dehydration
-: malnutrition, liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, chronic inflammation
Reference range? |
3.5-5 g/dL |
|
Albumin
Clinical significance
+: _______________
-: malnutrition, liver _______, nephrotic _________, chronic ____________ |
___: dehydration ___: ___________, ______ disease, _______ syndrome, ______ inflammation |
+: dehydration
-: malnutrition, liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, chronic inflammation |
|
Albumin
Review: Physiological significance |
Largest fraction of plasma proteins
biomolecules? Where it is synthesized? |
Albumin
Synthesized by liver |
|
Albumin
Where it is synthesized? |
Synthesized by liver
Biomolecule? Physiological significance Clinical significance |
Largest fraction of plasma proteins
+: dehydration
-: malnutrition, liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, chronic inflammation |
|
Albumin
Review: reference range Physiological significance |
3.5-5 g/dL Largest fraction of plasma protein
Biomolecule? Function |
Regulates osmotic pressure |
|
Albumin
Function |
Regulates osmotic pressure
Function of? How it is measured? |
Albumin
Measured by dye binding |
|
Albumin
How it is measured? |
Measured by dye binding
Biomolecule? Clinical significance |
+: dehydration
-: malnutrition, liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, chronic inflammation |
|
Albumin
Measured by dye binding Examples |
BCG BCP
Full name? |
Bromocresol green Bromocresol purple |
|
Albumin
Measured by what? |
Dye binding
BCG: Bromocresol green BCP: ___________ purple |
bromocresol |
|
Albumin
Measured by dye binding
BCG: __________ green BCP: __________ purple |
____: Bromocresol green ____: Bromocresol purple |
BCG BCP |
|
Albumin
Measured by dye binding
BCG: bromocresol __________ BCP: bromocresol ________ |
BCG: __________ green BCP: _____________ purple |
bromocresol |
|
Albumin
Measured by what? |
dye binding
Examples |
BCG bromocresol green BCP: bromocresol purple |
|
Albumin
Review: reference range |
3.5-5 g/dL
Clinical significance |
+: dehydration
-: malnutrition, liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, chronic inflammation |
|
Albumin
Review: physiological significance Where it is synthesized? |
largest fraction of plasma proteins Synthesized by liver
Function? |
Regulates osmotic pressure |
|
Albumin
How it is measured? |
Measured by dye binding
Examples |
BCG Bromocresol green BCP: bromocresol purple |
|
Microalbumin
Source of specimen |
Urine |
|
|
Microalbumin
Reference range |
50-200 mg on 24 hour urine
Biomolecule? Source of specimen |
Urine |
|
Microalbumin
Review: source of specimen |
Urine
Reference range |
50-200 mg on 24 hour urine |
|
Microalbumin
Reference range (review) |
50-200 mg on 24 hour urine
Clinical significance |
+: diabetics at risk of nephropathy |
|
Microalbumin
Clinical significance |
+: diabetics at risk of nephropathy
Biomolecule: Rr? |
Microalbumin
50-200 mg |
|
Microalbumin
Units for reference range |
mg
Units for total protein and albumin |
g/dL |
|
Microalbumin
Review: Clinical significance |
+: diabetics at risk of nephropathy
Characteristics of microalbumin testing |
Detects albumin in urine earlier than dipstick protein |
|
Microalbumin
Characteristics of microalbumin testing |
Detects ________ in urine ____ than dipstick ______ |
albumin earlier protein |
|
Microalbumin
Characteristics of microalbumin
Detects _______ in urine ________ than dipstick ______ |
________ albumin in _____ earlier than _____ protein |
Detects urine dipstick |
|
Microalbumin
Characteristics of microalbumin |
Detects albumin in urine earlier than dipstick protein
Treatment |
Strict control of glucose and blood pressure can prevent progression to end-stage renal disease. |
|
Microalbumin
Treatment |
Strict control of glucose and blood pressure can prevent progression to end-stage renal disease |
|
|
Microalbumin
Treatment Strict _____ of glucose and blood ______ can prevent _______ to end-_____ renal ________ |
Treatment ________ control of ________ and _____ pressure can ________progression to ___-stage _______ disease |
strict glucose blood prevent end renal |
|
Microalbumin
Treatment |
Strict control of glucose and blood pressure can prevent progression to end-stage renal disease
Review: Characteristics and reference range |
Detects albumin in urine earlier than dipstick protein
50-200 mg on 24 hour urine |
|
Microalbumin
Testing method |
Immunoassays on 24 hour urine
Review: clinical significance |
+: diabetics at risk of nephropathy |
|
Microalbumin
Review: testing method |
immunoassays on 24 hour urine
Alternative method |
Albumin-to-creatinine ratio on random sample |
|
Microalbumin
Alternative method |
________-to-creatinine ratio on __________sample |
albumin random |
|
Microalbumin
Alternative method ________-to-creatinine ratio on __________sample |
Albumin-to-________ ratio on random _________ |
creatinine sample |
|
Microalbumin
Alternative method Albumin-to-________ ratio on random _________ |
_________-___-Creatinine ______ on ________ sample |
Albumin to ratio random |
|
Microalbumin
Alternative method |
Albumin-to-creatinine ratio on random sample
Describe this method |
30-300 mg albumin/g creatinine=microalbuminuria |
|
Microalbumin
Alternative method Albumin-to-creatinine ratio on random sample
30-300 ___ albumin/___ creatinine=_______________
|
mg g microalbuminuria |
|
|
Microalbumin
Alternative method _______-to-___________ ratio on random sample
30-300 ___albumin/___ creatinine=___________ |
albumin creatinine
30-300 mg ______/g ___________=microalbuminuria |
albumin creatinine |
|
Microalbumin
Alternative method Albumin-to-creatinine ratio on random sample
30-300 mg _________/g ____________=microalbuminuria |
___________ mg albumin/g creatinine=_______________ |
30-300 microalbuminuria |
|
Microalbumin
Alternative method Albumin-to-creatinine ratio on random sample
_____________/_____________=_____________ |
30-300 mg albumin/g creatinine=microalbuminuria
Review: treatment |
Strict control of glucose and blood pressure can prevent progression to end-stage renal disease |
|
Microalbumin
Method? (primary) |
Immunoassays on 24 hour urine
Characteristics |
Detects albumin in urien earlier than dipstick protein |
|
Microalbumin
Alternative method |
Albumin-tocreatinine ratio on random sample
Describe this method |
30-300 mg albumin/g creatinine=microalbuminuria |
|
Microalbumin
Testing instrument |
Urine dipsticks are available for both
albumin albumin-to-creatinine ratio
Review: reference range |
50-200 mg on 24 hr urine |
|
Microalbumin
Testing instrument
Urine _______are available for both
_________ albumin-to-creatinine ________
|
________dipsticks are _______ for _______
albumin _________-to-___________ratio |
Microalbumin
Testing instrument
Urine dipsticks are available for both
albumin albumin-to-creatinine ratio |
|
Microalbumin
Testing instrument |
Testing instrument
Urine dipsticks are available for both
albumin albumin-to-creatinine ratio |
|