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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Function of the circulatory system |
Delivers oxygen and nutrient Removes waste |
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Consistent elevation of arterial bp |
hypertension |
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hypertension bp |
140/90 |
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sustained bp of 140/90 |
isolated systolic hypertension |
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essential or idiopathic; 95% of cases |
primary hypertension |
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with underlying disorder; 5-8% of cases |
secondary hypertension |
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more than 160/100 |
stage 2 hypertension |
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HPN pathophysiology |
sustained increase in: a. peripheral resistance b. circulating blood volume |
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regulates bv, bp and Na K and H levels |
aldosterone |
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change in vessel walls increase peripheral resistance |
arteriolar remodelling |
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decreased endothelial release of nitric oxide |
insulin resistance |
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thickening and hardening of the vessel walls |
atherosclerosis |
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accumulation of lipid laden macrophages |
plaque |
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accumulated macrophages form foam cells |
fatty streak |
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calcify and protrude in vessel |
fibrous plaque |
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blood clot |
thrombus |
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detached thrombus |
thromboembolus |
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more common because of lower pressure |
venous thrombi |
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vessel obstruction by and embolus |
embolism |
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coronary artery embolism |
myocardial infarction |
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cerebral artery embolism |
stroke |
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localized dilation or outpouching of vessel wall |
aneurysm |
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extravascular hematoma with intravascular space |
false aneurysm |
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most common cause of aneurysm |
atherosclerosis |
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most susceptible to aneurysm formation |
aorta |
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aneurysm confirmation |
ultrasonography, CT, MRI, or angiograph |
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impairs pumping ability |
CAD and MI |
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state of temporarily deprived blood supply |
ischemia |
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irreversible myocardial damage |
infarction or acute coronary syndrome |
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strong indicator of CAD; most atherogenic |
increased serum LDL |
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strong indicator of coronary risk |
low HDL |
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supply blood flow to myocardium |
coronary arteries |
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most common cause of decreased coronary blood flow |
formation of atherosclerotic plaques |
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time for myocardial cells to be ischemic |
10 seconds |
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lactic acid accumulation |
anaerobic metabolism |
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time for cardiac cells to remain viable under ischemia |
20 minutes |
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chest pain |
stable angina pectoris |
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build up of lactic acid |
mistaken for indigestion |
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discomfort radiating to neck, jaw and left limbs |
stable angina |
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lack of relief after rest in nitrates |
infarction |
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therapy goals of myocardial ischemia |
a. increase coronary blood flow b. reverse vasoconstriction c. nitrates, beta blockers and calcium channel blockers |
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sudden coronary obstruction by thrombus formation over a plaque |
acute coronary syndromes |
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due to plaque prone to rupture |
unstable |
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prolonged ischemia causing irreversible damage |
MI |
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time for cellular injury |
8-10 seconds of decreased blood flow |
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time for cellular death |
about 20 minutes |
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damaged cells undergo degradation |
necrotic tissue |
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most specific indicators of MI |
troponin I and T |
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disturbance in heart rhythm |
dysrythmia or arrythmia |
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generates heart rhythm |
sinoatrial node |
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heart is unable to generate adequate CO |
heart failure |
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most common risk factors of heart failure |
ischemic heart disease and hypertension |
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CV system fails to perfuse tissues adequately |
shock |
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failure of two or more organ systems after severity |
multiple organ dysfunction syndrome |
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decrease in cardiac output; tissue hypoxia |
cardiogenic shock |
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caused by loss of blood or IS fluid |
hypovolemic shock |
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cardiac output boosted by |
a. peripheral constriction b. lover and spleen release stored blood c. increase of water retention from kidneys |
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from widespread and massive vasodilation |
neurogenic or vasogenic shock
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hypersensitivity reaction |
anaphylactic shock |
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administered IM to cause vasoconstriction |
epinephrine |
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treatment for anaphylaxis |
a. antihistamines b. corticosteroids |
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infection to bacteremia |
septic shock |
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bacteremia progresses to |
systemic inflammatory response syndrome |
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most often responsible due to endotoxins |
gram negative bacteria |
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SIRS manifestation |
a. temp of more than 38 b. more than 90 beats/min c. more than 20 breaths/min d. more than 12 000 cells of WBC |
