Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
390 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What countries have medium incidences of colon cancer? |
Denmark & Great Britain |
|
In angiogenesis, new blood vessels from providing a malignant tumor nutrients to grow. What chemotherapeutic drug do we use to kill blood vessels in endothelial cells? |
Doxorubicin |
|
You can recognize an allergic rxn or worm infection if (blank) count is elevated in your blood. |
Eosinophil |
|
What kind of molecular structure is represented by silk fibers? |
beta structure |
|
Harold Varmus discovered that "c" type virus is responsible for what? |
Rous Sarcoma |
|
An RNA molecule is.... |
usually single stranded |
|
Organophosphates are toxins & they inhibit enzymes. What enzymes do they inactivate? |
acetylcholinesterase |
|
The genes H-ras and L-myc belong to a group of genes called? |
proto-oncogenes |
|
7 in 1000 live births are dizygotic. Which of the following will twins not have? |
Identical blood profiles |
|
Which micro body in your cell is responsible for controlling the fat metabolism? |
peroxisome |
|
Where does respiratory exchange of gases in humans take place? |
lung epithelium |
|
The ultimate H+ acceptor in respiration is? |
Oxygen |
|
The hydrogen ions from sugar are pulled out during krebs cycle into what? |
Mitochondrial matrix |
|
Which one of the following amino acids contains sulfur in its R group? |
cysteine |
|
An increase in enzyme concentration will ..... the rate of reaction provided substrate molecules are available |
not effect |
|
Middle part of a plasma membrane is made of? |
Phospholipids & ATP |
|
Moving a molecule from cell to cell against concentration, molecules such as vitamins, nucleosides, and certain hormones is known as? |
Active transport |
|
Which one of the following is a characteristic of life? |
Multicellular |
|
You have to drink and eat protein to live. You consume protein to get? |
Amino acids |
|
During exercise, if enough molecular oxygen is not brought in from the environment, what will accumulate in the muscle cells causing cramps? |
H+ |
|
The microtubules in your cells are constantly constructed at one end and dismantled at the other. What is this process called? |
treadmilling |
|
The first sequences of cellular respiration takes place in? |
Cytoplasm |
|
What are the microfilaments attached to the plasma membrane that become defective in muscular dystrophy? |
Profilin |
|
Once the RNA is transcribed, what removes the message from DNA? |
RNA polymerase |
|
We can track small populations accurately by studying certain numbers of SNPs called what? |
microsatellites |
|
What does the gag virus do in your cell? |
Produces viral core |
|
Why is it so difficult to readily develop a vaccine against HIV? |
The virus mutates too readily -- translates itself |
|
Where will you find Shine-Delgarno sequence? |
ribosomal RNA |
|
Which one of the following could be considered DNA damage in aging process? |
DNA dimerization |
|
What virus causes Feline leukemia? |
C type virus |
|
What kind of cancer is aflatoxin believed to cause? |
Liver cancer |
|
What virus causes liver cancer? |
Hepatitis B virus |
|
What virus causes spontaneous abortion? |
Cytomegalovirus |
|
Name an inherited disease that is caused by a splicing error |
Hemolytic anemia |
|
What is the latest addition to the arsenal of cancer agents? |
Cisplatin |
|
Cell differentiation is achieved by selective turning on and off of certain genes. Which one of the following is not a mechanism that contributes to regulation of gene expression? |
None of the above |
|
A nucleotide is made up of a phosphate, a base, and a ...... |
Ribose |
|
During oxidation-reduction in energy transfer, electron transfer is achieved when what is gained or lost? |
Hydrogen, H+ |
|
Examination of what realized that our northern European ancestors showed not much genotypic variation and as few as 50 could have given rise to all of them. |
microsatellites |
|
The cells affected in sickle cell anemia are? |
erythrocytes |
|
In mitochondrial respiration, the sequential intermediaries are formed as follows: Citrate->cisacontile->isocitrate->succinate->malate->oxaloacetate->citrate. What is missing? |
ketoglutarate |
|
What does crossing over accomplish? |
creates new combination of alleles |
|
Which one of the following will not be found in DNA? |
uracil |
|
Incidences of cancer deaths have progressively increased in the US since 1900. Which of the following is a legitimate reason for this? |
Life expectancy of Americans has increased |
|
Mobile elements in the genome |
McClintock |
|
chemical capable of changing DNA sequence |
mutagen |
|
transcription and replication of strands of DNA are held together by |
hydrogen bonds |
|
cell differentiation |
all of the above |
|
solution that contains a weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its salt |
buffer |
|
toxin found in moldy grains and peanuts is found to cause liver cancer |
alfatoxin |
|
anticodons are located in |
transfer RNA |
|
Virus known for hypermutability |
HIV |
|
gene becomes active under stress |
hsp |
|
PCR |
Mullis |
|
DNA in eukaryotes is non-functional. What do you call nontranscribal genes? |
Pseudogenes |
|
In aerobic dancing, if enough molecular oxygen is not brought in from the environment, what will accumulate in muscle cells causing cramps? |
H+ |
|
If you want to synthetically produce large numbers of gene transcript, which of the following techniques would you use? |
polymerase chain reaction |
|
pH of the buffer solution if protein is the Zwitterion form at pH 10.2 |
pH equal to 10.2 |
|
protein not involved in electrophoresis experiment |
serum globulin |
|
class of master genes that specify the development of specific body parts |
homeotic genes |
|
solution of pH 5 has how many times amount of H+ ion as solution with pH 7? |
100 |
|
If you increase substrate concentration, the enzymatic reaction will |
increase but never reach theoretical maximum |
|
very rare form of cancer by retrovirus HIV, which is a lymphotrophic virus of human T-cells. Which cancer is this that is so prevalent in the US today because of AIDS epidemic? |
Kaposis sarcoma |
|
DNA makes RNA by |
transcription |
|
angiogenesis to occur, what molecules are needed to send the chemical signals? |
endothelial growth factors |
|
nucleic acid is a polymer -- what is its monomer? |
nucleotide |
|
3-D configuration of a protein is determined by |
all of the above |
|
Which of the following does not cause cancer? |
presence of p53 protein |
|
restriction enzymes are invaluable tools for genetic engineering because |
they cut both strands of DNA at specific sites |
|
what would you call the double helical structure of DNA? |
plectonemic |
|
some gene controls in eukaryotic cells operate by |
processing RNA transcripts |
|
When a gene results in the production of a particular molecule, it then intercepts another reaction to bring a particular phenotype. Continued exercise...brings up in the cells the levels of what? |
insulin |
|
synthesis of DNA & RNA |
Kornberg and Ochova |
|
viruses play an important role in adding mutations to genomes, thus playing a significant role in evolution of living things. which one of the following are V ones? |
all of them |
|
when a DNA strand is unwinding, what enzyme relieves the tension of torsion due to rotation? |
topoisomerase |
|
male cell with 40 diploid number will produce? |
none of the above |
|
name a substance that is a very strong carcinogen |
aflatoxin |
|
Regulatory sequences are the ones that respond to chemical (environment) in cell. A polydisterone is required to make tryptophan. Regarding this of trp which of the following is incorrect? |
repressor gene is present |
|
lipids that have high numbers of cis and trans elements |
steroid |
|
5' end of mRNA is capped during translation. Degradation of mRNA after translation proceeds in the 3' to 5' direction through the activity of? |
ribonuclease |
|
If one or more amino acids are absent in the medium, the gene GCN4 in yeast will encode enzymes for synthesis of all amino acids. What kind of regulation control is this? |
translational control |
|
Which one of the following is not an oncogene in humans? |
trp |
|
frame shift mutation that could be reverted to normal by another mutation next to original. |
intragenic suppression |
|
Produce a small amount of energy when phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) is turned into pyruvate by what enzyme in cytoplasm |
pyruvate kinase |
|
We looked at inhibitors that cut off the e-transport system in respiration, which is a very important principle in pharmacological environment. Which one of the following will inhibit e-transport and thus shut down respiration? |
antimycin antibiotic |
|
How does zyvox work? |
it inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotes |
|
Glycophorin is an integral protein in your red blood cells. The hydrophobic residues of this protein help the cells to repel each other. This feature is responsible for |
resistance to malaria |
|
I asked you to study plasma membrane of human erythrocyte. Which of following will you find on surface of your erythrocyte cell membrane? |
glycoprotein |
|
One of the promoter regions for binding of RNA polymerase upstream from a gene in a bacterial DNA |
Pribnow box |
|
Which one of the following would you expect to find in the middle part of the cell membrane in the cells of the brain? |
ATP |
|
using the best |
eclectic |
|
Certain tribes of Australia exhibit resistance to infection by HIV. This is because their cell membrane's peripheral proteins have special kinds of |
oligosaccharides |
|
polite, fawning |
obsequious |
|
What is the enzyme that converts malate to oxaloacetate in TCA cycle? |
malate dehydrogenase |
|
We looked at jumping the synaptic cleft in neurotransmission. Neurotransmission will break down in various mental disorders if the voltage gates fail to open because of defective what? |
presynaptic cells |
|
Active site of enzyme A is occupied by a molecule other than its substrate. Enzyme B has had its activity reduced by means of a molecule binding to it at a site other than its active site. What is taking place in connection with enzyme A and enzyme B? |
competitive inhibition, allosteric regulation |
|
Mechanism whereby the activity of an enzyme is either inhibited or stimulated by a compound that binds to a site that is different from the active site. |
allosteric modulation |
|
accompanying |
concomitant |
|
What is the active site in penicillin? |
carboxyl |
|
What is the chemical nature of the surface coat of many kinds of eukaryotic cells? |
carbohydrates and proteins |
|
This is the short end of the chromosomes. It establishes how many times a cell can divide, which is significant in aging. |
telomere |
|
What is the biological significance of sex? |
It creates diversity of genotypes |
|
If nondisjunction occurs in meiosis, the reacting cells will have this chromosomal compliment. |
2n+1 and 2n-1 |
|
Why are denatured proteins generally insoluble in water? |
protein is unfolded exposing hydrophobic sidechains |
|
The H+ released from the intermediaries in Krebs cycle are immediately removed from the mitochondrial matrix and dumped into what? |
cytoplasm |
|
Each molecule of ATP stores a good deal of energy because... |
ATP's third phosphate group exists in a highly energetic state |
|
When millions of monomers are strung together, you get a polymer. Cotton and linen, for example, consist largely of ....., which is the major component in plant cells. |
cellulose |
|
Chromosomes(diploid) condense; spindle forms; nuclear envelope fragments; spindles attach to the kinetochores. What is this cellular event? |
prophase |
|
Why would your cells swell under certain strengths of the solution? |
The surrounding solution has more water than solutes |
|
In glycolysis, glucose is turned into pyruvate. In ....., pyruvate is turned into glucose-6-phosphate. |
gluconeogenesis |
|
You eat meat, fish, and eggs because your cells need .... |
amino acids |
|
Skeletal muscles typically have enough stored creatine phosphate to maintain elevated ATP levels for approximately 15 seconds. If you want to continue, more ATP has to be obtained from .... |
mitochondria |
|
Children lacking .... will exhibit Zellweger Syndrome. |
peroxisomes |
|
A centriole is structurally similar, if not identical to the ..... of calcium or a flagellum. |
kinetochore |
|
Who discovered the structure of DNA? |
Watson |
|
What group of molecules is vancomycin? |
antibiotic drug |
|
You saw the nerve cell in the lab under the microscope. What is the normal equilibrium potential (threshold) for the depolarization of the cell so that the nerve impulses can move normally? |
-70 mV |
|
Consider cell A has physiological saline and cell B has 2% solute. If this side-by-side system is allowed to exist, what will be the physical effect? |
cause it to swell |
|
Which of the following will lower the activation energy of a reaction in a cell? |
using an enzyme |
|
What is the reaction that produces ATP? |
oxidative phosphorylation |
|
........ is the division of the cytoplasm into the two daughter cells which occurs by constriction in animal cells. |
Cytokinesis |
|
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a eukaryote? |
no nuclear envelope |
|
Aside from the nucleolus, what occupies much of the space in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells? |
nucleoplasm |
|
ATP stores energy in the form of ..... |
chemical bond energy |
|
ACE is a proteolytic enzyme and its substrate is ...... |
Angiotensin II |
|
Your car uses gasoline to fuel the engine. Can you explain why you need a coolant system for your car? |
It is needed to absorb the lost heat energy that results from fuel combustion |
|
biting, cutting |
mordant |
|
close to point of origin |
proximal |
|
If you have to move molecules against a diffusion pressure gradient into a cell, you have to use ATP. This type of diffusion is referred to as ...... |
active transport |
|
The heartburn drug Prilosec or Zantac works in your parietal cells of your stomach because .... |
it inhibits the histamine from food to stick to the parietal cells |
|
mRNA active for a long time during embryogenesis |
Vitellogenin |
|
Second stage of translation |
chain elongation |
|
Coding part of mRNA transcript |
exon |
|
domination of a group |
hegemonic |
|
altruistic |
unselfish |
|
servile |
obsequious |
|
not usual |
unwonted |
|
One kind of environmental agent that can induce mutation in DNA |
Alkylating Agent |
|
Cancer chemotherapy that is an antimetabolite |
methotrexate |
|
carcinogen |
aflatoxin |
|
inactivated x chromosome |
Barr body |
|
normally required, lethal when mutated |
proto-oncogene |
|
A polysome is ...... |
a number of ribosomes on the same transcript |
|
The codon is found on ....... |
messenger RNA |
|
Apoptosis is .......... |
cell death by suicide |
|
RNA makes protein by ..... |
translation |
|
DNA makes RNA by ....... |
transcription |
|
Cancer chemotherapy that binds to DNA |
Antibiotics |
|
A clone library is .......? |
a collection of different lines of bacterial cells, each containing a plasmid carrying one series of different DNA fragments |
|
PCR is a technique used to ....... |
amplify DNA |
|
One body part develops like some other body part |
homeosis |
|
limpid |
transparent |
|
penultimate |
next to last |
|
pernicious |
causing great harm |
|
A polysome ....... |
is a number of ribosomes on the same transcript |
|
flavodoxin |
carcinogen |
|
Gene with the potential to induce cancerous transformation |
oncogene |
|
Improving the race |
eugenics |
|
Base triple that pairs with codon |
Anticodon |
|
Base triplet coding for amino acids |
codon |
|
Two nucleotide strands twisted together |
DNA double helix |
|
A with T, G with C |
Constancy in base pairing |
|
Hereditary material duplicated |
Replication |
|
Replication enzymes |
DNA polymerase and DNA ligase |
|
Coding part of mRNA transcript |
exon |
|
Base triplet coding for amino acid |
codon |
|
Second stage of translation |
chain elongation |
|
A DNA library is .....? |
A collection of different lines of genome, each containing a specific DNA fragment |
|
forgetful |
oblivious |
|
announce officially |
promulgate |
|
lowest point |
nadir |
|
causing great harm |
pernicious |
|
Cancer chemotherapy that crosslinks DNA |
nitrogen mustard |
|
Certain triplets occur in repeats, the right kind of protein is not synthesized. For example, GAA repeats leads to .....? |
Friedreich's ataxia |
|
Which one of the following is not a virus with double stranded DNA? |
retrovirus |
|
What virus causes Burkitt's Lymphoma? |
Epstein Barr/ Herpes |
|
We studied cell transformation by a retrovirus. What leads to the transformation of a cell? |
Integration of the virus into cellular genome |
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) is initiated by double stranded DNA called ..... |
"B" type virus |
|
Once a normal cell initiates cancer, which of the following happens? |
Cells respond to serum growth factors |
|
All living systems must sustain a complex series of biochemical reactions in order to survive. These processes rely directly on narrow ranged of ..... |
all of the above |
|
The 3', 5' linkage in a double helix between successive nucleotides provides the DNA double helix the following characteristic ....... |
alpha helix |
|
When polysaccharides, such as starch of glycogen, are in solution, they may be precipitated out with ...... |
ethyl alcohol |
|
In the 50s, the time course of 3H-uridine into nuclear & cytoplasmic RNAs in mammalian cells provided the principles of protein synthesis. This famous experiment proved that ....... |
all of the above |
|
One of the strands of DNA has 3'OH ACGAGACACCAA 5'P sequence. What is its mirror image? |
5'P TGCTCTGTGGTT 3'OH |
|
In liquid water molecules, the angle between the two hydrogens is approximately ......... , because of which water has certain properties. |
104˚ |
|
Animal cells don't have this |
cell wall |
|
The right kind of mutation in a viral proto-oncogene converts it to an oncogene. Such genes in your cells are called ....... |
src genes |
|
What virus causes infectious mononucleosis? |
Epstein-Barr virus |
|
Carcinogens interfere with the regulatory process in cells. Which one of the following could be considered as one? |
ras proteins |
|
In the lab you learned that proteins are highly charged particles. In an electrical field, if they fail to migrate to the cathode or anode, the pH which this cancellation of charges takes place is the ...... |
isoelectric point |
|
The formation of the cell plate is distinctive of what stage of mitosis? |
Telophase |
|
Origin of organic molecules is significant event in the formation of life. A group of meteorites known as carbonaceous contain organic molecules. The Murchison meteorite hit Australia in 1969, which contained organic molecules suggesting that possibly the molecules that form the backbone of life might have originated outside Earth. But for cellular organization and function, all such molecules have to enter into reactions which is possibly only in the presence of ....... |
ATP |
|
The particles of a colloidal system are always in an irregular random motion. This is known as ..... |
Brownian movement |
|
In study of history of AIDS, it was noticed that by 1986 more than 80 different strains of HIV had been identified in the US, which is truly remarkable for any virus. The ability of the virus to frequently undergo mutation is referred to as ..... |
hyper-mutability |
|
During meiosis, chromosomes for like traits come together. This is called ...... |
synapsis |
|
CUU, CUA, & CUG all code for leucine. This is known as ...... |
degeneracy |
|
The scale of biological time is immense, life as unicellular organisms might have originated billions of years ago, but fossils started only 600 million years ago. Existence of man's ancestors can be traced back only approximately to ....... |
2 million years |
|
Amino acids in your body can act either as an acid or base. What component of amino acid will make it an acid? |
R group |
|
There are certain proteins produced by your cells in large quantities because of genes which we refer to as gene families. Which of the following proteins is a good example? |
protein kinase |
|
What is the approximate cancer death per 100,000 persons in the US today? |
2,000 |
|
Was it a car or a cat I saw? This kind of letter arrangement is commonly seen in DNA. What do we call it? |
palindrome |
|
What percentage of inherited disorders are caused by nonsense mutations? |
30% |
|
You were required to read an article on increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics because of its overuse. Which part of the bacterium is considered responsible for this? |
plasmids |
|
The intermediate filament called glial filaments occur only in the ........ |
nervous system |
|
When a purine or pyrimidine condenses with pentose, a ........ is formed. |
nucleoside |
|
Consider the sequence of events from the formation of Earth to the origin of eukaryotic cells (1.4E9 years ago) You should know by now cellular reactions are run always in specific sequences. Which one of the following is a logical final event before an animal eukaryote cell could begin to totally function? |
respiration |
|
What is energy that lets you see through the microscope in the lab? |
light |
|
Where will you find fibrinogen? |
blood plasma |
|
AUG GUU CAU AAA. Suppose the seventh nucleotide got lost changing the amino acid sequence. What kind of mutation is this? |
frame shift |
|
Which formed element in the blood tissue will be found in largest quantities? |
erythrocytes |
|
H-ras, L-myc, erbB belong to a group of genes called? |
proto-oncogenes |
|
RNA molecule is ....... |
usually single stranded |
|
Reaction where you make cDNA from single helix RNA? |
Reverse transcription |
|
What is a response in cell for protein kinases? |
all of the above |
|
In protein synthesis, each codon calls for a specific ........ |
amino acid |
|
DNA replication requires ...... |
all of the above |
|
A DNA strand C-G-A-T-T-G would be complimentary to? |
G-C-T-A-A-C |
|
In gel electrophoresis, larger DNA fragments move ....... distances when an electric current is applied. |
shorter |
|
The Hershey-Chase experiment demonstrated that ...... |
Virus DNA injected into bacterial cells is apparently the factor involved in directing the production of new virus particles |
|
In the lac region of the bacterium E. coli's chromosome, the repressor protein binds at the ..... |
operator site |
|
inhibits gene transcription |
repressor |
|
Which of the following drugs is effective in suppressing vascularization in malignant tumors? |
Doxorubicin |
|
How do you determine the sequence of electron carriers in the electron transport system |
use inhibitors such as antimycin to block the reaction sequence |
|
The enzyme used to create cDNA from mRNA is....... |
reverse transcriptase |
|
The transfer of working copies of genes from normal healthy individuals to afflicted individuals is known as ........ |
gene therapy |
|
Sugars can be joined to one another by covalent ...... bonds |
glycosidic |
|
During anaphase of mitosis, sister chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere by ...... |
both microtubules and spindle fibers |
|
For angiogenesis to occur, what molecules are needed to send chemical signals? |
endothelial growth factors |
|
Selecting "desirable" traits |
eugenic engineering |
|
Deciphering 3.2 billion pairs of 23 pair human chromosomes |
human genome project |
|
Base pairing of nucleotide sequences from different DNA or RNA sources |
nucleic acid hybridization |
|
Used in gene transfers |
Ti plasma |
|
Unique array of RFLPs |
DNA Fingerprint |
|
........ is one of the body's key mechanisms to rid itself of tumor cells at an early stage of tumorigenesis. |
Apoptosis |
|
Which of the following is to blame if one body part develops into some other body part? |
homeodomain binding mistake |
|
What do you call the family of genes that becomes active during hormone induced stress? |
hsp genes |
|
You are expressing 30,000 genes now. Out of these, 5,000 genes control various aspects of tissue differentiation. Many of these that determine various body plans are ......... which are active mostly during embryogenesis. |
Hox genes |
|
When the net charge of a protein is zero, it will not migrate in an electrical field and the pH at which this happens is ..... ? |
Isoelectric point |
|
X chromosome inactivation in mammalian females may result in ...... for some traits. |
Mosaic tissue effect |
|
Phenomenon where molecules bind tightly ro enzymes covalently and decreases their activity? |
Irreversible inhibition |
|
Which one of the following cancer chemotherapeutic drugs acts as a mitotic inhibitor? |
Vincrestine |
|
Which one of the following fields is considered the up&coming in cell and molecular biology? |
epigenetics |
|
John Tacket of Bay City, MI was a 15 yr old boy and aged like someone who was 70. This premature aging genetic disease is called? |
Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome |
|
In creating recombinant DNA, the sticky ends of source DNA fragments are joined to sticky ends of ......... produced by cutting up of a circular bacterial DNA. |
Plasmids |
|
Which of the following alleles is responsible for chronic myelogenous leukemia? |
bcr/abl |
|
Hereditary disease caused by DNA rearrangement mutation? |
thyroid carcinoma |
|
One of the first oncogenes discovered was ...... One of the most common cancers in Africa, called Burkitt's lymphoma, results from translocation of this gene to a position adjacent to antibody gene. |
MYC gene |
|
In the galactose metabolism genetic components GAL 4 is a ........ |
Cis element binder |
|
Even though it was suspected for quite some time, the experiment on Neurospora by ........ proved the "one gene one enzyme" theory. |
Beadle and Tatum |
|
Each and every organism has 3-D body plan. During embryogenesis, all these organs are laid out based on definite sequence. What do you call these genes that control these activities? |
Hox genes |
|
Which of the following describes the mutated gene in Huntington's disease? |
More than 35 CAGs in a row |
|
Homo sapiens is a young species. The proof for this was provided by the homogeneity of ........ |
SNPs |
|
When WBSCR17 gene is mutated, it causes ....... , the phenotype of which "extreme" friendliness in children. |
Williams-Beuren Syndrome |
|
What did Tarzan say when he found a cheetah dead on the jungle floor? |
Wow - new underwear |
|
What archaeological evidence did we see to prove that cancer has been around for centuries? |
Melanoma in Egyptian mummies |
|
Which of the following is suspected to cause prostate cancer? |
cytomegalovirus |
|
Which structure is a network of protein cables in cell division? |
spindle |
|
The particular gene was consumed in chimps and humans about 120,000 to 200,000 years ago. Which leads to the development of speech and language. What do you call this gene? |
FOXP2 |
|
Once the proteins are released from the ribosome, they are further modified by the addition of PO4SO4, sugars, lipids, etc. What do you call the catalysts that do this? |
chaperones |
|
The codon is found on ....... |
mRNA |
|
The activation mechanism for chronic myelogenous leukemia is translocation. Which of your chromosomes are involved? |
9 & 22 |
|
Which of the following does not cause cancer? |
Presence of P53 protein |
|
The trans element of the gene regulatory mechanism controls either (+) or (-) regulation. What activates the trans element to do this? |
Topoisomerase |
|
Initiation of DNA replication in E. coli begins at a special region called the ........ |
ori |
|
Macular degeneration is a binding genetic disease. Which gene's mutation causes this? |
CFH gene |
|
Regulatory proteins interact with ......... |
all of the above |
|
A base sequence signaling the start of a gene is a ......... |
promoter |
|
Once transcribed, the RNA is processed by clipping and slicing by ........ |
spliceosomes |
|
vicarious |
sharing other's experience |
|
What percentage of your genome actually codes for usable proteins? |
1.5% |
|
What organism did McClintock use to prone her jumping genes concept? |
Indian Corn |
|
Examination of ......... revealed that our northern European ancestors showed not much genotype variation and as few as 50 could have given rise to all of them |
microsatellites |
|
Genes that jump from one chromosome to another are .......... |
transposons |
|
Name a disease that is expressed by copy number polymorphism. |
APP gene in Alzheimer's |
|
The hydrocarbon chain in a fatty acid is ........ and the carboxyl group at the end of the fatty acid is ....... |
lipophilic; hydrophilic |
|
One kind of environmental agent that can induce mutation in DNA |
Alkylating agent |
|
Polymerization of amino acids in ribosomes involves the following: |
all of the above |
|
What are the two strands of DNA in your cells? |
chromosomes |
|
Translation of the genetic code takes place along the ....... to synthesize enzymes. |
mRNA |
|
The proteins we ate are broken down to amino acids in our digestive tract. You run an experiment to prove this in the lab. What reaction is this protein breakdown? |
Post translational modification |
|
.......... ........... is a mucosal defect produced by acid-pepsin aggression. |
Peptic ulcer |
|
If the triplet in DNA is TGC, what is the anticodon? |
TGC - DNA ACG - codon UGC - anticodon |
|
Another slide looked at in the lab is the product of a virus invasion on cells lining. The carbonation of cellular destruction & fluid-filled alveoli interrupts the transport of oxygen into the bloodstream. Which illness does this describe? |
Pneumonia |
|
Restriction enzymes are invaluable tools for genetic engineering because ....... |
a and b cut both strands & easily join sticky ends |
|
Penultimate |
next to last |
|
Britten & Kohne described the complexity of mammalian genome "not as one gene after another" but as clusters of repeats called ....... |
satellites |
|
Discovered bacterial operons |
Jacob and Monod |
|
Nobel prize - bacterial operons |
Jacob and Monod |
|
DNA is the transforming principle |
MacLeod and McCarty |
|
Virus structure |
Hershey and Chase |
|
Who was the first scientist (ORNL) who actually photographed messenger RNA being transcribed from DNA helix? |
Oscar Miller |
|
Who discovered the "jumping" genes and received a Nobel prize for it? |
Barbara McClintock |
|
Who discovered transposons? |
Barbara McClintock |
|
Discovered mobile elements in genome |
Barbara McClintock |
|
.......... received the Nobel prize for his discovery of PCR by which we can proliferate any given gene in a laboratory. |
Kary Mullis |
|
Base pairing |
Chargaff |
|
Discovered RNA interference and gene silencing |
Fire & Mellow |
|
Who was given credit for the discovery of post translational regulation? |
Aaron Klug |
|
Discovered genetic code |
Marshall Nirenberg |
|
Discovered transcription in eukaryotes |
Roger Kornberg |
|
Mechanism of hormone action and cyclic AMP |
Sutherland |
|
Transformation |
Griffith |
|
Who discovered degeneracy? |
George Gamow |
|
DNA replication experiment |
Meselson and Stahl |
|
DNA has 3 main functions: replication, storage of genetic information, and ......... |
Information transfer |
|
Name a disease that is expressed by copy number polymorphism. |
APP gene in Alzheimer's |
|
When raw protein is synthesized, quite often before it becomes functional, there is a translational control by ....... attached to endocytic vesicles. |
Ubiquitin |
|
.......... has the highest incidence of colon cancer because it is suggested that they are the largest consumers of beef. |
New Zealand |
|
A good proportion of human embryos have genetic defects such as aneuploidy, which generally are washed away in miscarriages. Today, couples can use a technique to assess the genetic risk factors by DNA and chromosome analysis. What is this technique called? |
amniocentesis |
|
A version of DNA that is made from processed RNA is called? |
cDNA |
|
In the Krebs cycle, isocitrate is oxidized to ketoglutarate by ............ |
Isocitrate dehydrogenase |
|
In 1996 a paper was published in The Lancet which caused a major alarm in Europe. The disease discussed was Creutzfeld-Jacob (CJD) similar to spongiform (mad cow). From the molecular point of view, what has gone wrong? |
Protein misfolding, thus losing its 3-D configuration |
|
In many enzymatic reactions the confirmation shifts so that the complimentary fit between the enzyme and reactants is improved. What is this phenomenon called? |
Induced fit |
|
In a chemical reaction, chemical transformations require that certain covalent bonds be broken within the reactants. For this to occur, the reactants must contain sufficient genetic energy so that they overcome a barrier called ...... |
Activation Energy |
|
What do we call the phenomenon where molecules bind tightly to enzymes covalently and decrease their activity? |
Irreversible inhibition |
|
Major component of blood plasma |
Water (90%) |
|
Consider the Lineweaver-Burk plot which we discussed in class. What can you find out about enzymes using this? |
Determine the michaelis constant & maximum velocity of a reaction |
|
Centrioles are involved in ....... |
organized movement |
|
Each of the following was a molecule of the earth's earliest atmosphere except ........ |
a) ammonia
b) hydrogen sulfide
c) methane
d) oxygen |
|
A collection of hypothesis that have been repeatedly tested without rejection is called a ....... |
theory |
|
The activation mechanism for chronic myelogenous leukemia is translocation. Which of your chromosomes are involved? |
9 & 22 |
|
What is the function of the nucleolus in the nucleus? |
Production of ribosomes & act as nucleus reservoir |
|
Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism by which enzymes accelerate reactions? |
By increasing rate of respiration |
|
Sulfa drugs prevent folic acid synthesis in bacteria; their effectiveness arises from the fact that they structurally resemble .......... which is an essential coenzyme folic acid. |
para aminobenzoic acid |
|
Inhibitor structurally resembles substrate and competes for access to the active site. Which kind of inhibition is this? |
Competitive reversible |
|
Which of the following is a genetically engineered gene product to get a super mouse from a dwarf mouse? |
Somatotropin |
|
.......... is the max number of substrate molecules that can be converted to product by one enzyme molecule per unit time. |
Catalytic constant |
|
One of the main reasons why Mendel ended up with consistently well defined frequencies for phenotypes was ............. |
all the traits he counted were true breeding |
|
Inhibits gene transcription |
Repressor |
|
Gene with the potential to induce cancerous transformation |
oncogene |
|
Causes prostate cancer |
cytomegalovirus |
|
What character does mye gene have to exhibit to act as a regulatory gene? |
leucine zipper |
|
hereditary material duplicated |
replication |
|
The level of structure in a polypeptide chain resulting from the folding of the helical coil or beta sheet into a geometrical structure known as............ |
tertiary structure |
|
Base sequence signaling the start of a gene is a .......... |
Promotor |
|
The sequence of DNA nucleotides that encodes the amino acids sequence of an enzyme is a ....... |
gene |
|
It's very difficult to treat a cold because the virus does not cap at the 3' end of the ribosome. Instead ...... |
the virus uses its own protein as a cap |
|
Which of the following is NOT suspected to initiate cancer in humans? |
HDL |
|
Which one of these is NOT a reducing sugar |
Sucrose |
|
Some genes control eukaryotic cells operation by .... |
processing RNA transcripts |
|
Macular degeneration is a binding genetic disease. Which gene mutation causes this? |
CFH gene |
|
Where else would you find DNA besides nucleus? |
Mitochondria |
|
Anticodons pair with ...... |
mRNA codons |
|
In diploid somatic cells that have NOT undergone DNA replication, there is/are ............ copy/copies of each chromosome. |
two |
|
Some transcription strands can yield different protein in different organs. This results from how you cut and splice the finished messenger. This phenomenon is known as ....... |
translational control |
|
In enzymatic reaction, the number of moles of substrate converted per minute by 1 mole of enzyme is called the ......... |
turnover number |
|
Cancer cells are very efficient. The death of the patient is not caused by the cancer cells but by the following............. |
Massive tumor growth interferes with organ function |
|
Which of the following could be considered a dipole? |
water |
|
ipo zya. This is an illustration of lac operon. Which nucleotide sequences are responsible for producing the enzymes? |
Z, Y, & A |
|
Mutations can take place in any part of a functional gene in your DNA. Where does the mutation take place to cause the disease thalassemia? |
TATA box |
|
It's obligatory to use a special type of specimen container in spectrophotometry. What is it called? |
Cuvette |
|
The monomers of a polypeptide are? |
Amino acids |
|
One species' DNA differs from others in its ........... |
base sequence |
|
The codon is found on .......... |
messenger RNA |
|
An mRNA molecule is produced by ........ |
transcription |
|
In the process of the protein synthesis in ribosomes, it goes like this: chain initiation, chain elongation, and chain .......... |
termination |
|
What is the phenotype of TATA A/T A? |
Thalassemia |
|
In certain instances, some gametes have just one extra or missing chromosomes. The cause of the abnormality is an error called ........ |
non-disjunction |
|
I asked you to study the plasma membrane of the human erythrocyte. Which one of the following will you find on the membrane surface? |
all of the above: carbs, lipids, proteins |
|
Assume that the sense strand of DNA is GCTTACACG. Assume that soon after transcription, no splicing took place. What is the message? |
CGAAUGUGC |
|
One of the following is not a double strand DNA, which one is it? |
retrovirus |
|
DNA supercoiling induced by unwinding a double helix is called? |
negative supercoiling |
|
In addition to genophore, some bacteria contain small rings of DNA, which are very important for the pharmaceutical industry. What are these called? |
plasmids |
|
Which one of the following is a coenzyme? |
nicotinamide |
|
In alcohol fermentation, yeast provides ........ |
Alcohol hydrogenase |
|
In the galactose metabolism genetic components GAL4 is a ......... |
cis element binder |
|
Which one of the following is not characteristic of cancer cells AFTER initiation? |
Controlled regulation |
|
When DNA replication begins, .............. |
the two DNA strands unwind from each other |
|
.......... is the molecule that carries the amino acids during translation. |
tRNA |
|
Given a molecule of sucrose, what type of reaction would break it into its monosaccharide components of fructose and glucose? |
hydrolysis reaction |
|
Synapsis and crossing over of homologous chromosomes occur during .......... |
Prophase I |
|
The message that comes off a transcription strand contains certain nonessential segments for translation that are split off. What do you call these? |
PolyU tail |
|
Regulatory transproteins interact with ........... |
all of the above |
|
There is a pandemic of respiratory illness now that started in the far east that has been on the news every day for the past year. What is it? |
SARS - Severe acute respiratory syndrome |
|
Name a hereditary disease caused by DNA rearrangement mutation. |
Thyroid carcinoma |
|
Which one of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic genome? |
Each chromosome is a linear molecule |
|
In the last decade the heaviest concentration in cell biological research in medicine has involved the understanding of ........... ? |
cancer |
|
In paper chromatography, the process of movement of dissolved molecules is at different rates, & for a particular system, it is always constant. What is it called? |
partition coefficient |
|
If the sequence of an exon is UUU what kind of protein will the cell produce? |
homopolymere |
|
The stability of a genetic message as mRNA travels through the endoplasmic reticulum maintained by the ............ |
polyA tail |
|
Base pairing of nucleotide sequences from different DNA or RNA sources |
Nucleic acid hybridization |
|
Which protein was not involved in the electrophoresis experiment? |
serum globulin |
|
The reason why HIV attacks only special kinds of cells is because of the .......... |
Presence of CD4 receptors on host surface |
|
There is an ongoing clinical test nationwide in the use of interferon for cancer therapy. How does interferon work? |
It prevents translation |
|
Mirror image forms of carbon based compounds are called ........... |
Stereoisomers |
|
Garrod, then Bradle and Tatum, deduced that the individual heritable mutations they investigated corresponded to .......... |
both metabolic disorders and defective enzymes |
|
The transcription segment for calcitonin is found in the DNA of both thyroid and hypothalamus. Post transcriptionally the messenger is tailored to translate either into calcitonin or CGRP. What do you cal this process? |
alternate splicing |
|
HIV belongs to a group of viruses called the lentivirus because? |
the virus carries its own enzyme, reverse transcriptase |
|
Which of the following will allow for the quickest and most accurate rate of transcription in eukaryotes? |
Presence of a TATA box at -30 and CAAT box at -100 base pairs |
|
In prokaryotic but not eukaryotic cells, a ......... precedes the genes of an operon. |
Both promoter (B) and operator (C) |