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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Is an alpha helix part of coiled-coils and zinc fingers?
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no
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is an alpha helix required for trans-membrane domains?
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no
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Can an alpha helix be utilized in secondary and tertiary structures?
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yes
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an alpha helix results from hydrogen bonds between every ____ amino acid
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4th
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What are the most common forms of secondary structure found in proteins?
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alpha helix and beta sheet
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What are the Amino Acid groupings?
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NSTYQ
KRH DE |
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Can ligand binding involve ionic bonds?
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yes
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Can secondary structure utilize covalent bonds?
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yes
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What type of bonds are peptide bonds?
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Hydrogen bonds
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Can Van Der Waals forces be involved in ligand bonding?
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yes
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Which base interactions are stronger?
A/T or G/C |
G/C
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At which carbon do ribose and deoxyribose differ?
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Carbon number 2
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What do members of the same protein family have in common?
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similar domains, high percentage of identical amino acids
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Excreted proteins must pass through which organelle?
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Golgi
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Zinc finger and Intra-chain disulphide bonds are examples of ______ structure.
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Secondary
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Which disaccharide is composed of glucose and fructose?
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sucrose
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What are the components of a phospholipid?
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hydrophilic complex, phosphate, glycerol, 2 fatty acids
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What is the name of the species of the standard plant model?
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Arabidopsis thaliana
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Where are ribosomes made?
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nucleolus
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At which carbon do glucose and galactose differ?
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Carbon 4
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Which organelle helps produce lipids?
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Smooth ER
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Standard model for developmental biology
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Caenorhabditis elegans
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What type of enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of DNA and RNA?
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nucleases
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What amino acids can be phosphorylated?
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S,T,Y
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Who invented the microscope?
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Robert Hooke
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What are the components of a triglyceride?
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glycerol, 3 fatty acids
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What does the phosphate on NADP affect?
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the reactions it can be coupled to.
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What is TBP?
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TATA- binding protein... binds the origin of replication in eukaryotes.
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On which end to tRNAs carry their amino acid?
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3' end
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Is Glucocorticoid receptor a DNA binding protein?
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yes
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What does GR function as?
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transcriptional activator
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What are distinctive characteristics of tRNAs?
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An exposed 3 base anti-codon in the middle loop.
Hydrogen bonding between RNA bases causing extensive hairpins. They are transcribed by PolIII |
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Promoters only contain an operator in ______.
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Prokaryotes
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Portion of TFIID that binds DNA to open it to initiate transcription.
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TBP
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What is the width of the DNA strand when wrapped into nucleosomes and packed into a fiber?
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30nm
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What are the 3 roles of the RNA cap?
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protection, ribosome recognition, exit nucleus
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What are the components of an mRNA cap?
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7-methylguanosine, 5'-5' triphosphate bridge
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What does UTR stand for?
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untranslated region
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What splits DNA to initiate transcription in prokaryotes?
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sigma factor
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What type of mutation results from all unrepaired depurinations?
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"G" removed --> deletion
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Two key elements of prokaryotic promoter
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-10, -35 box
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How many ribosome binding sites are on the mRNA that is the product of lac operon transcription?
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3
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What are the three steps of processing a eukaryotic mRNA?
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capping, splicing, tailing
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What is an "operator" in the context of a bacterial promoter?
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sequence where repressor binds.
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Where are lysosomal proteins made?
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ER
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How do most viruses enter a cell?
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Receptor mediated transport
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Vesicles headed for the endosome are budded with which protein?
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clatherin
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What causes Na/K pump to change conformation?
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A phosphorylation event that is dependent on Na binding.
A de-phosphorylation event that is dependent on K binding |
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Does PKA contain a localization signal?
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no, but it is still found in specific locations within the cytoplasm
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What pathway activates PKA?
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GPCR alpha-s pathway
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What are the three ways ion chanels are gated?
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charge, ligand, mechanical
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What is the fibrous dimeric protein that makes up the cell cortex?
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spectrin
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What effect do unsaturated fatty acids within the phospholipids have on the membrane fluidity?
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increase fluidity
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What specific part of a lysosomal protein does a vesicular cargo receptor recognize?
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mannose 6-phosphate
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what was the first second messenger discovered?
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cAMP
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What enzyme is inhibited by caffeine?
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cAMP phosphodiesterase
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What occurs in the medial and trans golgi?
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modification of carbohydrates, sorting
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What are the three components of LDL?
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cholesterol, protein, phospholipids
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Which coat protein is used on vesicles that traffic between the ER and the golgi?
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cop
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which ion has the highest concentration gradient between the cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid?
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Calcium
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What is the full name of the family of proteins that we used as an example of chaperones?
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heat shock proteins!
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What amino acid is the carbohydrate tree linked to in the example of glycosylation we talked about?
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Asparagine (N)
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What signal did Gunter Bloebel discover that earned him a Nobel Prize?
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KDEL - ER retention signal
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3 types of cytoskeletal filaments
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intermediate filaments, microtubules, actin filaments
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Makeup of intermediate filaments
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coiled coil dimers --> staggered tetramer --> 8 tetramers coiled into tough rope
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types of cytoplasmic intermediate filaments
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keratins: in epitheila
vimentin: in connective tissue, muscle cells, and neurological cells neurofilaments: in nerve cells |
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nuclear lamins
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intermediate filaments found in nucleus of all nucleated cells
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microbutules are made of ...
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alpha-beta tubulin dimers
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beta subunit of microbutule is a...
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G protein
Unstable when bound to GDP grows rapidly when bound to GTP |
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Taxol
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cancer medication that binds microtubules and prevents disassembly (kills dividing cells)
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Vinblastin/ vincristine/ colchicine
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cancer medications that bind free tubulin and prevent assembly
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Saltatory movement
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sustained directional movement along microtubules
kinesins: toward + end dyneins: toward - end |
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actin filaments
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twisted chain of identical actin globular molecules
can grow on either end, but grow faster on + end |
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thymosin and profilin
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bind to actin monomers to keep them from polymerizing when it is not needed
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types of actin binding proteins
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nucleating, bundling, motor, side-binding, capping, cross-linking (cell cortex), severing
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Integrins
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membrane proteins that link actin to extracellular matrix
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MPF
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mitosis promoting factor
cdk1 + cyclin B |
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cyclin D
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causes cell to exit G0 and enter G1
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cancer phenotypes
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loss of checkpoints, loss of apoptosis, immortality, genetic instability, loss of cell adhesion, loss of contact inhibition, angiogenesis
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