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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
DNA
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long polymer chains; made from nucleotides
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RNA
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transcribed from DNA; set of polymers; messenger RNA is major type
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Genome
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entire library of genetic information in it's DNA; provides genetic program to instruct cell
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Light Microscope
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uses visible light to illuminate specimens
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Fluorescence Microscopy
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cells dyed with fluorescent stains; light passed through two filters: first filters light to pass through only wavelengths that excite dye, second blocks that light and passes only wavelengths through that are emitted when dye fluoresces
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Fixed Sample
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sample chemically fixed and cut into slices (sections) that can be mounted on slide
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Fluorescent Probes
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dyes serve as staining reagants to bind selectively to particular macromolecules
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Confocal Microscopy
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fluorescent scope that builds image by scanning specimen with laser beam
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Transmission Electron Scope
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uses beam of electrons instead of light, and magnetic coils to focus beam instead of glass lenses
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Scanning Electron Scope
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specimen coated with film of heavy metal, scanned by beam of electrons brought to focus by electromagnetic coils that act as lenses.
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Eukaryote
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organisms whose cells have nucleus
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Prokaryote
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organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus
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Two Domains of Prokaryotes
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Bacteria and Archaea
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Nucleus
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prominent organelle in eukaryotic cell
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Chromosomes
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giant DNA molecules that become compact when cell prepares to divide
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Mitochondria
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generate chemical energy for food; harness energy from oxidation of food (sugar) to produce ATP
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Cellular Respiration
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consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide
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Chloroplasts
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large green organelles; contain chlorophyll; capture sun's energy
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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maze of interconnected spaces enclosed by membrane; site where cell membrane components are made
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Golgi apparatus
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stacks of flattened membrane-enclosed sacs; receive and chemically modify molecules made in ER and direct them to exterior of cell
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Lysosomes
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small, irregularly shaped organelles where intracellular digestion occurs, releasing nutrients from food and breaking down unwanted molecules for recycling or excretion
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Peroxisomes
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small, membrane-enclosed vesicles that provide contained environment for reactions in which hydrogen peroxide is generated and degraded
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Vesicles
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involved in transport of materials between one membrane-enclosed organelle and another
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Endosomes
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mature into lysosomes; membrane-enclosed
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Endocytosis
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when animal cells engulf large particles
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Exocytosis
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when vesicles from inside cell fuse with plasma membrane and release their contents into the external medium
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Cytosol
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part of cytoplasm not partitioned off within intracellular membranes' largest single compartment; site of many chemical reactions
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Cytoskeleton
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system of filaments of protein; frequently anchored to plasma membrane
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Actin Filaments
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thinnest of filaments; part of machinery that generates contractile forces
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Microtubules
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thickest filaments; reorganize to pull chroms in opposite directions and distribute them to two daughter cells
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Intermediate filaments
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medium filaments that strenghen cell mechanically
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Protozoans
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free-living actively motile microorganisms; prey upon and swallow other cells
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Model Bacteria
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Escherichia coli
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Model Eukaryote
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast)
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Model Plant
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A. Thaliana (arabidopsis, common wall cress)
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Model Fly
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Drosophila melanogaster
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Model Worm
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Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode)
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Model fish
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Zebrafish
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Model mammal
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mouse
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Homologous
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two genes from different organisms have closely similar DNA sequences; probably that both genes descended from common ancestral gene
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Protein
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polymers that dominate the behavior of the cell, serve as strucural supports, chemical catalysts, molecular motors; built from amino acids
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