Cell Biology Lab Exam 2

3 Filamentous proteins

Cilia function by _________.

Cilia are about ______ um in diameter.

chief feature of the internal structure of a cilium; a bundle of microtubules and their associated proteins that extends from the base to the tip of the cilium

Within the axoneme, the microtubules are arranged in a distinct pattern of _____ doublets in a ring around a central pair of single microtubules, also known as the ______.

The microtubules of the 9+2 array extend from the cilium proper into the main part of the cytoplasm where each joins to a ______.

short cylinder of parallel microtubules with the same outer diameter and nine-fold symmetry as the axoneme itself

Unlike the axoneme, the _____ contains a ring of nine fused "triplet" microtubules with no pair of microtubules as its core.

Ciliary movement is produced by bending of the axoneme, stimulated by ____ and ____.

Two drugs that inhibit the addition of tubulin monomers to growing microtubules

Prevents the cycling of monomers by stabilizing the microtubules and thus using up free tubulin in the cytoplasmic pool.

inhibits cellular protein synthesis by blocking ribosomal translocation along the mRNA

Eukaryotic cilia and flagella contain long doublet microtubules bridges by ______.

Ciliary and flagellar beating are produced by controlled sliding of outer _______.

Two sets of dynein arms project from each A tubule. The outer dynein arms are __-headed and the inner dynein arms are __-headed.

The outer doublets are connected by _______ links.

The A tubules of the outer doublets connect to the central region by ______ whose thickened ends terminate near the central pair of singlets.

The (__) ends of the doublets lie at the tip of the cilium or flagellum.

Motor proteins move other proteins, organelle, cells, etc. by ______.

two classes of motor proteins that "walk" along the surface of microtubules

motor protein that moves cargo toward the (+) end of the microtubule

motor protein that moves cargo toward the (-) end of the microtubule

move cargo toward the (-) end of the microtubule within the cell

associated with special microtubule arrays in cilia and flagella

______ couples hydrolysis of ATP to a conformational change. The change in conformation generates force and movement

_______ makes adjacent microtubule slide past each other, which changes the shape of the flagella or cilia.

______ links are important for keeping the microtubules from sliding too far.

Two major classes of tubulin in microtubules

Alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin form stable _______.

alpha beta- heterodimers polymerize into _______.

In porcine brain, alpha-tubulin is ____ amino acids, beta-tubulin is _____ amino acids.

Eukaryotes have a third type of tubulin called _______ that is involved in microtubule assembly.

Microtubules elongate preferentially at the (___) end

Microtubule polymerization will only occur if heterodimer concentration is above the _______

___ must be present for microtubule polymerization because it is hydrolyzed by beta-tubulin after polymerization

_____ temperature favors microtubule polymerization

Optimal pH for microtubule polymerization

Calcium concentrations that favor microtubule polymerization

provide "long term" regulation in cells

inhibits cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase, an enzyme that degrades cyclic AMP

used to treat gout

binds heterodimers and prevents polymerization

2 kinds of stabilizing proteins

2 kinds of destabilizing proteins

The light reactions of chloroplasts occur in and on the ________ of the chloroplast.

Photosynthesis occurs on the _____ membrane.

The green color of plants is due to the green color of ______, which is localized in the _______.

A _____ is a stack of adjacent thylakoids.

The _____ is the space enclosed by the inner membrane and surrounding the thylakoids.

Stages 1-3 of photosynthesis occur in the ______

Stage 4 of photosynthesis occurs in the ______.

_______ and _______ was used to fractionate chloroplasts.

In ___________, a mixture is spun long enough to sediment the larger particles, which collect as a pellet at the bottom of the tube. The smaller particles remain in the supernatant and can be removed.

In __________, a mixture is spun just long enough to separate molecules that differ in mass but may be similar in shape and density into discrete zones within a density gradient commonly formed by a concentrated sucrose solution (percol).

The positive end of an electrode

the negative end of an electrode

denatures proteins by disrupting charge and hydrophobic interactions

binding of ______ gives the protein a large, overall negative charge

changes the shape and charge of the protein, and makes it easier to compare different proteins based on their mass

polyacrylamide gels are made from these two chemicals

The _____ polymerizes into a long chain while the ______ crosslinks the acrylamide chains.

The _______ of acrylamide and bis-acrylamide determine the pore size of the gel and the stiffness of the gel.

SDS-PAGE separates proteins primarily based on their ______.

A common approach to improve the resolution of protein separation is to use a ________.

The concentration of ______ determines the range of proteins that can be analyzed.

_______ precipitation increases protein concentration

Intact chloroplasts are ______ dense that broken chloroplasts

Two functions of SDS in SDS-PAGE

In SDS-PAGE, the protein migrates toward the ____ electrode.

purpose of heating the protein samples to 95 degrees celsius before loading the cell

The reducing agent buffer for SDS-PAGE reduces what kinds of bonds?

Disulfide bonds aren't broken by SDS and heat alone because they are ______.