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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endocrine signalling |
Signal carried in the bloodstream, often a considerable distance away. E.g. Hormones |
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Paracrine signalling |
Between cells that are close together, binding to receptors of a nearby cell. E.g. Neurotransmitters |
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Autocrine signalling |
Cells producing and reacting to their own signals. E.g. T-cells |
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Pheromones |
Chemical signals secreted externally to cause a response in other organisms. They affect the physiology or behaviour of members of the same species. |
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What is a receptor? |
Protein molecules that pass the message to the target cell causing a cellular response. |
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Intracellular receptors |
Located within the cell cytoplasm, bind ligands that are able to cross the plasma membrane. |
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Extracellular receptors |
Span the cell membrane and bind ligands that cannot cross the plasma membrane. |
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Ligand |
Signal molecules |
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Signal transduction |
Process by which molecular signals are transmitted from outside the cell to inside, bringing about a cellular response. |
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Signal transduction |
Process by which molecular signals are transmitted from outside the cell to inside, bringing about a cellular response. |
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Reception |
An extracellular signal molecule bonds to its receptor on a target cell. |
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Signal transduction |
Process by which molecular signals are transmitted from outside the cell to inside, bringing about a cellular response. |
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Reception |
An extracellular signal molecule bonds to its receptor on a target cell. |
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Transduction |
The activated receptor triggers a chain of biochemical events within the cell. Many different enzymes are involved and the entire reaction is often called a signalling cascade. |
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Signal transduction |
Process by which molecular signals are transmitted from outside the cell to inside, bringing about a cellular response. |
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Reception |
An extracellular signal molecule bonds to its receptor on a target cell. |
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Transduction |
The activated receptor triggers a chain of biochemical events within the cell. Many different enzymes are involved and the entire reaction is often called a signalling cascade. |
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Response |
The signal cascade results in a specific cellular response. |
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What must a signal do in order to activate a receptor? |
Bind to the protein and activate it. |
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What must a signal do in order to activate a receptor? |
Bind to the protein and activate it. |
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Extracellular/Hydrophobic transduction |
1) Signal molecule bonds to receptor protein 2) Protein subunit activates the enzyme 3) Enzyme produces second messenger which triggers a cascade of events 4) Cell response is triggered |
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Intracellular/Hydrophilic transduction |
1) Signal molecule bonds to receptor forming a signal/receptor complex 2) Complex acts as a transcription factor, binding to DNA 3) Creates protein which causes the cell response |
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Apoptosis |
The process of programmed cell death in multicellular organisms in which the cell goes through a series of orderly chemical events leading to death. |
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Signal molecule |
A chemical molecule that binds to a cellular receptor and brings about a change within the cell. |
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Target cell |
A cell that responds in a particular way to a specific signal molecule. |
