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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What's the best way to get history and collect samples on a small critter?
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Ask owner to bring it in IN THE CAGE.
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How should you begin physical exam?
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By observing critter IN ITS BOX for undisturbed behavior.
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RR & HR are most likely going to be _____________.
HR can be detected through ______________ or _____________. |
elevated
palpation / auscultation |
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Physical Exam:
Abnormalities- (5 + 1 for Rabbits) |
1. discharge from eyes / nose
2. labored / noisy breathing 3. soiled perineum 4. sunken eyes (dehydration) 5. prominence of vertebrae & pelvis (poor BCS) 6. Rabbits - prolonged CRT |
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Preanesthetic Diagnostic Tests
Name 3 basic tests used: |
1. blood test
2. urinalysis 3. radiographs |
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Which animal can be blood tested?
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rabbits
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Which animals can get a UA?
Which can get be radiographed? |
small rodents, rabbits, guinea pigs
small rodents, rabbits, guinea pigs |
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Preanesthetic Care
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NO - Do not withhold food or water -
LET THEM EAT! (except when stomach is involved in surgery) |
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Pre-existing problems should be corrected ____________________________________ (When?)
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before surgery.
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Give 1 example of how to correct some potential pre-existing problems?
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supportive fluid therapy for dehydration
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Preanesthesia:
Is sedation required before general anesthesia? |
Rarely
(Protocols include a combo of injectable anesthetics or a chamber) |
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Are chambers commonly used to administer anesthetics?
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YES
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What species MAY need prior sedation?
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Rabbits
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Preanesthetics:
What drugs are commonly used? (3) |
1. Atropine
2. Opioids 3. Sedatives or Tranquilizers |
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Rabbits should not be given ____________ as a preanesthetic drug
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atropine
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Opioids should be given ______ - _____ minutes prior to induction.
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30-40 minutes
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What is commonly given to rabbits prior to inhalation anesthesia?
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sedative or tranquilizer
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Anticholinergics:
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Atropine - don't use in rabbits
Glycopyrrolate |
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Phenothiazines
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Acepromazine:
sedates but does not immobilize rodents sedates rabbits and often provides enough immobilization for minor procedure. |
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Benzodiazepines
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Diazepam and Midazolam provide MARKED sedation in rodents and rabbits
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Is Ace enough for a rabbit in for a minor procedure?
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Yes, it can be sometimes.
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Alpha-2 Agonists
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Xyalzine, medetomidine, dexmedetomidine (DexDom)
provide sedation with some analgesia |
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Reverse Alpha-2 Agonists with (2)
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1. yohimbine
2. atipamezole (preferred) |
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What combo of two drugs is helpful to get blood samples from rabbits?
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Acepromazine + butorphanol
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General Anesthesia: INDUCTION
Rabbits - most common routes of delivery? (2) |
1. SQ
2. IM |
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IV induction injection is possible for rabbits where?
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ear vein
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General Anesthesia: INDUCTION
Small mammals - what route may be less painful than IM? |
IP
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IP or IM vs. IV route of administration:
Disadvantages (4) |
1. cannot administer to effect
2. one calculated dose is given 3. high dose rates required for proper depth 4. recovery time prolonged |
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General Anesthetic Agents:
Cyclohexamines - Ketamine 1. _______________ effect when used alone. 2. Provides ___________ in rabbits but not ___________________________________. |
1. Limited
2. restraint / not sufficient analgesia |
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Ketamine / Ace
or Ketamine / Diazepam/Midaz produces ________________ anesthesia in some rabbits and ______________ anesthesia in small rodents |
surgical
light |
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Ketamine / Alpha-2 Agonists
(medetomidine or Xylazine) Provides ______________ and ______________ anesthesia. ___________ results in guinea pigs. |
analgesia
surgical variable |
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Tiletamine:
1. ______ to _____________ anesthesia in small rodents. 2. Produces ________ analgesia than ketamine combinations 3. should not be used in what species? |
1. light - medium in small rodents
2. LESS 3. rabbits |
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Neuroleptanalgesics:
1. what are they? 2. must combine with a _____________ to produce surgical anesthesia. 3. recovery is enhances by reversing ________________. |
1. opioid + a sedative
2. benzodiazepine 3. fentanyl |
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Are barbiturates used in small animals?
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NO - too severe:
CV / resp depression prolonged recovery |
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Propofol - why is not used?
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because it must be administered IV and can't really get an IV catheter in anything but a large rabbit.
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Alphaxalone is a ____________ anesthetic.
It can induce anesthesia in what species? How is it administered? |
steroid
rabbits IV |
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Most convenient way to induce anesthesia?
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chamber
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DIY mini face mask can be made using what?
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a syringe case
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What will rabbits often do when exposed to inhalation agents?
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hold their breath
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Holding their breath may lead to ________________ for rabbits
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bradycardia
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Using a face mask with rabbits may lead to _____________.
Using a chamber may result in violent attempts to ___________. |
struggling
escape |
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Reminder! Rabbits are _________ animals!
What will they always try to do? Where should you NOT put them? |
prey
escape near cats! |
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Intubation:
Rabbits - __________________ ET tubes and laryngoscope Small rodents - ___________ catheter positioned at _________ of pharynx |
un-cuffed
nasal / back |
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What works really well as a nasal catheter for small rodents?
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a cat urinary catheter
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Monitoring Anesthesia:
1. What type of circuit is used? 2. why? |
1. out-of-circuit, non-rebreathing system
2. less dead space, warms and humidifies air |
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How to determine anesthetic depth?
Rabbits: Small rodents: |
Rabbits: ear pinch reflex
Rodents: Tail pinch / pedal withdrawal |
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Monitoring:
CRT can only be used in what species? HR in small rodents is gotten by? |
rabbits
palpation |
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Why is monitoring blood loss so important?
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Small mammals have a small total blood volume
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Arterial blood pressure can be taken in which species (only)?
Where? |
Rabbits
Catheter in central ear artery, oscillometric or Doppler probe |
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What is normal HR for small rodents?
For rabbits? |
rodents: 50-100 bpm
rabbits: 30 - 60 bpm |
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A drop of _____% in bp requires attention
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50%
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Pulse oximetry - where to place?
Rodents: Rabbits: |
rodents: across hind foot
rabbits: across a toe (tail, tongue, ear) |
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Pain assessment obstacle:
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Go immobile in response to fear / threats
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How to get around this?
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turn off lights (nocturnal)
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___________ (NSAID) can be used in rabbits for long-term maintenance.
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Metacam (Meloxicam)
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For chronic pain give: (combo)
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NSAID + Metacam
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Delivery of analgesics: what route is easiest?
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oral
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Preemptive analgesia is more difficult when _________________ anesthetics are used
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injectable
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If opioids are being used as the analgesic with injectable anesthetics, the opioids should be administered at the _________ of the anesthetic period.
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END
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Not all NSAIDs can be used safely pre-operatively because of their effect on the __________ and _____________ ____________.
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kidney
bleeding times |