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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ADLs
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Activities of daily living - dressing, eating, using the bathroom, doing laundry, etc.
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activity tolerance
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kind and amount of activity client is able to perform
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antagonistic muscles
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cause movement at a joint.
For example, during flexion of the arm the active mover, the biceps brachii, contracts; and its antagonist, the triceps brachii relaxes. |
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antigravity muscles
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stabilize joints.
These muscles continuously oppose the effect of gravity on the body and permit a person to maintain an upright or sitting posture. |
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body mechanics
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All the ways in which the body moves and methods of using the body to increase efficiency and reduce strain. Coordinated by efforts of musculoskeletal and nervous sytems
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cartilage
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nonvascular, supporting connective tissue with the flexibility of a firm, plastic material.
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cartilaginous joints
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little movement but flexible such as in rib cage
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center of gravity
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balanced over a wide, stable base of support and vertical line falls from the center of gravity through the base of support.
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crutch gait
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style/method of walking with crutches
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exercise
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is physical activity for conditioning the body, improving health, maintaining fitness, or it may be used as a therapeutic measure.
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fibrous joints
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fit closely together and are fixed, little movement.
Example syndesmosis between tibia & fibula |
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footboard
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placed on end of beds, patients push aginst them to move up in bed.
Example of resistive isometric exercise, promoting muscle strength. |
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friction
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forces opposing movement
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gait
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is the manner or style of walking including rhythm, cadence, and speed
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hemiparesis
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weakness on one side of the body
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hemiplegia
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paralysis on one side of the body
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isometric contraction (static)
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causes an increase in muscle tension or muscle work buy no shortening or active moment of the muscle.
Telling pt tighten & relax muscle group quad or pelvic excercises |
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isotonic contraction
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concentric and eccentric muscle actions needed for active movment referred to as dynamic
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articulation
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(joint) - is a connection between bones
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ligaments
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white, shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue that bind bone to cartilage
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mobility
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ability to move - 3 components include range of motion, gait, and exercise
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muscle tone
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tension in muscles (healthy muscles retain some tension even at rest)
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posture
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pose or position of the body. Is regulated by nervous system and requires coordination of proprioception and balance
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proprioception
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awareness of the position of the body and parts
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ROM
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Range Of Motion - ability to move bones of a joint. Normal range of motion is based on joint mobility typical for age/sex/development
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synergistic muscles
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"helper" muscles that support and enhance strength and movement but do not act as the "prime mover" of a joint.
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synovial joints
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true joints - freely moveable and most mobile, numerous and complex
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tendons
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white, glistening, fibrous bands of tissue that connect muscle to bone
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Steps to assess a patient's activity tolerance
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Problem? Signs and symptoms? Timing (onset and duration)? Severity? Other Barriers to exercise/activity? Effects these have had overall?
PSTIBE mnemonic = Please State The Ills Barring Exercise |
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To assess posture in standing patient
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First put at ease to reduce rigid/unnatural posture. Head erect and midline, symetrical, spine vertical and normal curves, abdomen tucked, knees in straight line with hips and slightly flexed, feet forward, arms hanging at sides.
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examples of nursing diagnoses related to activity/exercise
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activity intolerance
ineffective coping impared gas exchange risk for injury impaired physical mobility imbalanced nutrition: more than body requirments acute or chronic pain |
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criteria used to evaluate effectiveness of interventions
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Did it meet the client's expected outcomes and goals? Make comparisons with baseline measures that include pulse, BP, strength, endurance, psychological well-being.
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5 functions of bone
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support, protect, allow movement, mineral storage, hematopoisis
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balance controlled by
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cerebellum and inner ear
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Effects of exercise on cardiovascular system (opposite effects caused by immobility).
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increased cardiac output
improved myocardial contraction, strengthening cardiac muscle decreased heart rate improved venous return |
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Effects of exercise on pulmonary system (opposite effects caused by immobility).
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increased respiratory rate and depth followed by quicker return to resting state
improved alveolar ventilation decreased work required for breathing improved diaphragmatic excursion |
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Effects of exercise on metabolic system (opposite effects caused by immobility).
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increased BMR
increased use of glucose and fatty acids increased triglyceride breakdown increased gastric motility increased production of body heat |
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Effects of exercise on musculoskeletal system (opposite effects caused by immobility).
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improved muscle tone
increased joint mobility (opposite of contracture) improved muscle tolerance to physical exercise possible increase in muscle mass reduced bone loss |
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Effects of exercise on activity tolerance (opposite effects caused by immobility).
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improved tolerance
decreased fatigue |
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Effects of exercise on psychosocial factors (opposite effects caused by immobility).
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improved tolerance of stress
reports of "feeling better" reports of decreased illness (colds, influenza) |
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Limited range of motion often indicates
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inflammation (eg arthritis), fluid in the joint, altered nerve supply, or contractures
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increased mobility beyond the normal range of motion may indicate
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connective tissue disorders, ligament tears, or possible joint fractures
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orthostatic hypotension
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a drop in blood pressure that occurs when a client changes from a horizontal to vertical position
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Techniques to avoid injury when lifting/moving a patient
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Wide base of support
lower center of gravity keep COG between base of support face direction of movement divide load between arms and legs leverage, rolling, turning are less work than lifting always reduce friction |
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purposes and techniques of 3 kinds of joint ROM exercises
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active, passive, combination. Flex and extend joint through full comfortable range of motion. Stop if there is any pain or resistance. If all is well complete 3-5 repetitions.
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concentric tension |
increased muscle contraction causes muscle shortening, resulting in movement such as when a patient uses an overhead trapeze to pull up in bed.
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deconditioning
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associated with inactivity, the negative effects of which can be seen after short periods of time. Involves physiological changes following a period of inactivity, bed rest or sedentary lifestyle. |
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muscle tone |
normal state of balance muscle |
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unossified |
permanent cartilage, not hardened except in advanced age & diseases such as osteoarthritis which impairs mobility |