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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Memory: |
is an active system that recieves info, puts the info in usable form, organizes it as it stores it away, and retrieves the information from sotrage when needed |
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Memory is a ___________ but it also has a ___________________ |
proccess but also has a place in the brain |
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Three process of memory: |
1) getting into the memory system( encoding) 2) Keeping it in (storage) 3) Getting it out (retrival)
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Encoding: |
the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems |
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Storage: |
holding on to something for a period of time |
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Retrival: |
getting the information they know they have out of storage |
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Information- processing model: |
-this approach focuses on the way that information is handled, or processed, through three different systems of memory - the processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval are seen as part of this model |
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Parallel Disributed Processing Model: |
-allows people to retrieve memory all at once facilitation much faster reactions and decisions -memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neutral connections |
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Information processing model assumes that: |
the length of time that a memory will be remembered depends on the stage of memory it is stored |
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Levels of processing model: |
model of memory that assumes information that is more "deeply processed" , or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word or words, will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time |
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Sensory memory: |
is the first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory system. eyes, ears, etc |
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Informatin is encoded into sensory memory as: |
Neural messages in the nervous system. As long as they are traveling through the system, it can be said that people have a "memory" for that information that can be accessed if needed |
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Two kinds of sensory information: |
visual and auditory |
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Iconic memory: |
often called "visual sensory" only last for a fraction of a second |
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Who studied Iconic memory? |
George Sperling |
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Masking: |
when information is pushed out very quickly by new information being proccessed |
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How long until is replaced by new information? |
a quarter of a second |
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Eidetic imagery: |
the ability to access the visual sensory memory over a long period of time |
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Echoic Sensory memory: |
the brief memory of something a person has heard |
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If an incoming sensory message is important enough to enter consciousness: |
that message will move from sensory memory to the next stage of memory called short term memory |
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Short term memory is held for about : |
30 or more seconds |
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Selective attention: |
Is the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input |
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Working memory: |
is thought of as an acitve system that processes information present in the short term memory |
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Three interrelated systems of working memory: |
- a central executive: controls the other two processes - "visual sketch pad" - a kind of auditory action |
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The magic number : |
seven, plus or minus two |
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Chunking: |
seperating things into chunks to help remember things such as a phone number |
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Maintance rehersal: |
when we want to remember something we say it over and over people are simply continuing to pay attention to the information to be held in memory |
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Long-term memory: |
is the third stage of memory the system in which all the information is placed to be kept more of less permanently |
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Duration of long-term memory: |
there is a relatively permamnent physical change in the brain itself when a memory is formed |
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Long term memory: the memory may be _________ but not ________ |
Available but not accessible |
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Elaborate rehearsal: |
is a way of transferring information from STM into LTM by making the information meaningful in some way |
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Nondeclarative memory (implicit memory) |
memory for skills, because the skills have to be demonstrated and not reported |
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Declarative memory: |
memory for facts, because facts are things that are known and can be declared |
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Antrograde amnesia |
-damage to the hippocampus - in which new long-term declarative memories cannot be formed
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Declarative memory: |
is about all the things that people can know-- the facts and information that make up knowledge |
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Semanatic Memory: |
(part of declarative memory) knowledge that anyone has the ability to know (jeopardy) |
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Episodic Memory: |
(Part of declarative memory) represent episodes from their lives more likely to be in LTM |
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Semantic network model: |
assumes that information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion model with concepts that are related to each other stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related |
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Fuctional fixedness: |
A block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions |
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Mental set: |
Defined as the tendency for people to persist in using problem solving techniques that have worked for them in the past |
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Confirmation bias: |
The tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs while ignoring any evidence to the contrary. |
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Creativity: |
when a problem requires coming up with entirely new ways of looking at the problem or unusual, inventive solutions |
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Convergant thinking: |
a problem is seen as having only one answer and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer by using previous knowledge and logic |
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Divergent thinking: |
is the reverse of convergent thinking a person starts at one point and comes up with many different or divergent ideas or possibilities based on that point |
