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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology
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Scientific study of mind and behavior
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Private inner experience
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Mind |
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Observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals |
Behavior
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Neuroimaging technique which allows one to see which parts of the brain are active during a given task
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) |
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First to use scientific approach to study psychology; wrote The principles of Psychology
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William James |
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Analyzes the mind by breaking it down into its basic components
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Structuralism |
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Studies how mental abilities allow people to adapt to their environments |
Functionalism |
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Philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn
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Nativism |
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Was a nativist who believed that certain kinds of knowledge are innate
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Plato |
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Philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience |
Philosophical empiricism |
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Believed that the mind is a blank state on which experiences are written
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Aristotle |
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French Philosopher who argued for dualism between mind and body; believed that the physical body was a container for the nonphysical thing called the mind |
Rene Descartes
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Argued against Descartes
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Thomas Hobbes |
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Studied brain patients to link localization to ability; had the crucial insight that damage to specific mental function clearly demonstrating that the brain and mind are closely linked
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Paul Broca
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Study of biological processes especially in the human body
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Physiology |
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Studied human reaction time; estimated the length of nerve impulse |
Hermann von Helmholtz |
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Sensory input from the environment
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Stimulus |
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Amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus
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Reaction time |
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Opened the first psychological laboratory
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Wilhelm Wundt
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A persons subjective experience of the world and the mind
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Consciousness |
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Analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind
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Structuralism |
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Subjective observation of ones own experience |
Introspection |
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Inspired James; wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection |
Charles Darwin |
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The features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations
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Natural selection
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Set up first psychological laboratory in North America; focused on development and education. Founded the American Journal of Psychology |
G. Stanley Hall |
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Studied hysteric patients through hypnosis
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Jean-Martin Charcot and Pierre Janet |
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Temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences |
Hysteria |
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Hysteria caused from painful unconscious experiences |
Sigmund Freud |
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Part of the mind that operates outside of awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings and actions
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Unconscious |
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Approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors |
Psychoanalytic theory |
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Therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders |
Psychoanalysis |
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Followed but broke away from Freud; psychoanalytic theory became controversial |
Carl Jung and Alfred Adler |
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Pioneered a new movement in Humanistic Psychology |
Abraham Maslow |
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Approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings |
Humanistic Psychology |
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Advocates that psychologist restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior; represents a dramatic departure form previous schools of thought
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Behaviorism |
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Influence by Pavlov; goal to predict and control behavior through the study of observable behavior
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John Watson |
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Studied behavior in different animal species; published The Animal Mind; developed theory of consciousness
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Margret Washburn
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Studied the physiology of digestion and founded classical conditioning |
Ivan Pavlov |
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Action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus |
Response |
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Developed the Skinner box to explain learning and founded operant conditioning
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Burrhus Fredrick Skinner |
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Consequences of a behavior that determine whether it will be more likely that the behavior will occur again
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Reinforcement |
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Scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning
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Cognitive psychology |
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Founded induced motion phenomena |
Max Wertheimer
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A psychological approach which emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts
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Gestalt psychology |
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Errors of perception, memory, or judgment in which subjective experience differs from objective reality |
Illusions |
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Studied the construal of stimuli; argued that people react to the world as they see it and not to the world as it is
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Kurt Lewin |
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Discovered attention has limited capacity |
Donald Bradbent |
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Found consistency in capacity limits in memory |
Gorge Miller |
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Pointed out that even young children generate sentences they have never heard before and therefore could not possibly be learning language by reinforcement |
Noam Chomsky
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Lesioned rats brains to unsuccessfully localize learning |
Karl Lashley |
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Explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection
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Evolutionary psychology |
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Subfield of psychology that studies the cause and consequences of interpersonal behavior
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Social psychology |
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Study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members |
Cultural psychology |
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Culture makes little difference on psychology
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Absolutionism |
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Psychological phenomena are likely to vary considerably across cultures |
Relativism |
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Seven men began the organization in 1892; each worked at a large university where they taught psychology courses preformed research, and wrote textbooks
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American Psychological Association |
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Began in 1988; changed to the Association for Psychological Science
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American Psychological Society |
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First African American awarded Ph.D in psychology |
Francis Sumner
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First female APA president
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Mary Calkins |
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First African American APA President |
Kenneth Clark
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