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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What 2 themes contribute to the importance of microbiology? |
1. Understanding basic life processes (excellent models for understanding cell processes) 2. Applying knowledge to benefit humans (medecine, agriculture, industry) |
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Define the cell |
A dynamic entity that forms the fundamental unit of life |
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What are 2 characteristics of the cytoplasmic membrane? |
-permeability barrier -separates the inside of the cell from the outside |
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What is contained in the cytoplasm? |
-macromolecules, their precursors, inorganic ions -ribosomes-protein synthesizing structures (present in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes) |
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What are the differences b/w prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
Prokaryotes -smaller -structurally simple -archaea and bacteria Eukaryotes -larger -membrane enclosed structures=organelles (THE NUCLEUS) |
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Define genome. |
A cell's full complement of genes |
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What are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA? |
Eukaryotes -linear -enclosed in nucleus Prokaryotes -circular -a chromosome -smaller -concentrated in nucleoid |
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What are 3 properties of all cells? |
-metabolism -growth -evolution |
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What are 4 properties of some cells? |
-differentiation -communication -genetic exchange -motility |
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Explain differentiation. |
Some cells can form new structures (e.g. spore) |
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What 2 types of metabolic activity occur in all cells? |
-genetic -catalytic |
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Describe communication, a property of some cells. |
-cells interact using chemical messengers -aware and can respond |
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What is LUCA? |
-Last universal common ancestor (4 billion yrs ago) |
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When did phototropic organisms appear? |
-b/w 4 and 3 bya |
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From what did cyanobacteria evolve? |
Anoxygenic phototrophs |
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What caused the oxygenation of Earths atm? |
-evolution of cyanobacteria |
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What was the result of the oxygenation of Earth's atm? |
-multicellular organisms |
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How are evolutionary relationships (phylogeny) deduced? |
-through genetic info comparison (comparative rRNA sequencing) |
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Define microbial community. |
A population of interacting microorganisms. |
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Give 3 examples of a microbial community. |
-human tongue -sewage -deep lake |
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What are extremophiles? |
Bacteria and Archaea that live in harsh environments. |
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Where are most microbes found? |
Oceanic or terrestrial subsurfaces |
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How has infectious disease caused by microbes been controlled over the last century? |
-improved sanitation -vaccines -antibiotics -improved public health practices |
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What is the role of microorganisms in agriculture? |
-in rumen of cows to digest cellulose -cycling of nutrients (N,S)-root nodules |
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What is the role of microorganisms in humans? |
-G.I. tract -synthesize vitamins and nutrients, compete w/ pathogens for space and resources |
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What is the role of microorganisms in the production of food? |
-fermentation |
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What is the role of microorganisms in the environment? |
-production of biofuels (methane, ethanol, hydrogen) -bioremediation |
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What is the role of microorganisms in biotechnology? |
-genetic engineering of microbes to generate products of value to humans -i.e insulin, antibiotics, enzymes, chemicals |
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Robert Hook |
described microbes |
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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek |
described bacteria |
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Ferdinand Cohn |
-founded bacterial classification, discovered bacterial endospores |
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Louis Pasteur |
-disproved spontaneous generation-micoorganisms of putrefied food arose spontaneously from non living materials -swan necked flask experiment |
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Robert Koch |
-demonstrated the link b/w microbes and infectious disease -Koch's postulates -using solid media provided a simple way to obtain pure cultures -observed that colonies of cells have different shapes, colours, sizes |
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Elie Metchnikoff |
phagocytes, innate immunity |
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Frederick Sanger |
DNA sequencing-first to sequence complete bacteriophage |
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Micheal Smith |
Altered nucleic acid sequence of DNA fragment |
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Kary Mullis |
Developed PCR |
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Barry Marshall and Robin Warren |
Discovered H. Pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease |
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Craig Venter |
Synthetic Biology-stitch together synthetic pieces of DNA to make an organism |
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Edward Jenner |
immunity, vaccines |