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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Signal transduction pathway
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the process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response
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Local regulator
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a substance that influences cells in the vicinity of the releasing cell;
e.g., growth factor or neurotransmitter |
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Hormones
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chemicals that are used to to influence cells in other, more distant, areas of the body
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G-protein linked receptor
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a plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a protein called a G protein;
contain seven alpha-helices spanning the membrane |
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G protein
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part of the G-protein linked receptor that functions as a switch that is on or off depending on which of two guanine nucleotides is attached, GDP (inactive) or GTP (active)
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Tyrosine kinase
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part of the receptor protein on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane that functions like an enzyme;
catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to the amino acid tyrosine on a substrate protein |
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Tyrosine-kinase receptors
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membrane receptors that attach phosphates to protein tyrosines
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Ligand-gated ion channels
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protein pores in the plasma membrane that open or close in response to a chemical signal, allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions, such as Na+ or Ca++
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Protein kinase
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the general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein
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Protein phosphatases
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enzymes that remove phosphate groups from proteins
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Second messengers
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small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ions;
small size facillitates the diffusion of second messenger throughout the cell; cAMP and Ca++ are most common |
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cyclic AMP
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a common second messenger
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Adenylyl cyclase
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an enzyme built into the plasma membrane of a cell that converts ATP to cAMP in resposne to an extracellular signal
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Diacylglycerol (DAG)
Inositol trisphosphate (IP3) |
two messengers produced by cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane;
stimulates the release of Ca++ from the ER in |
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Calmodulin
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a Ca++ binding protein present at high levels in eukaryotic cells that mediates many calcium-regulated processes in cells;
Ca++ binds to calmodulin, causing it to change its configuration and act on other proteins |