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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Homeostasis? |
A state of relative stability within the body |
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What does the CNS consist of? Purpose? |
Consists of Brain and Spinal Cord.
Brain intergrates and processes information from PNS. |
CNS= Central Nervous System |
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What pathways does the PNS have? Importance of each? |
Consists of sensory pathways and motor pathways.
Sensory pathways (afferent) carries info (from senses) to CNS
Motor pathways (efferent) relays info from CNS to muscles/glands |
PNS= Peripheral Nervous System |
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What are Motor pathways broken down into? |
Under the Somatic (under voluntary control) and Automatic (involuntary control) Nervous System. |
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What are 2 kinds of Automatic Nervous System? |
Sympathetic (stress response; fight or flight) and Parasympathetic (relaxing; rest and digest) |
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What are neurons? What do they do? |
Basic structural and functional units of the nervous system. They respond to stimuli and conduct electrochemical signals (impulses). |
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Three types of neurons? |
Sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. |
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Sensory neurons' purpose? |
Gather info from senses and transmit impulses to CNS |
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Interneurons purpose? |
Process and intergrate incoming info and relay out going info. |
Found everywhere in CNS, link between sensory and motor neurons |
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Motor Neurons purpose? |
Transmit info from CNS to muscles, glands and other organs. |
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Reflex Arc? |
Allow body to react quickly (few neurons), before you're consciously aware of threat.
Move directly to and from CNS before brain process information. |
(React, then feel pain) |
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What is Dendrite? Info flow? |
The extension of the neuron that gets info from receptors.
They conduct impulses towards the cell body. |
In the case of sensory and motor neurons |
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What is cell body? |
They process info/input from the dendrite. Relays info to axon where impulses are initiated. |
Contains the nucleus. |
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What is axon? |
Carries an impulse towards others neurons/an effector (muscle). |
Takes info away from cell body. |
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What is axon terminal/bulb? |
They release chemicals (neurotransmitters) to communicate with other neurons, muscles or glands |
End of axon that branches into many fibres. |
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Myelin Sheath? Purpose? Formed by? |
Formed by Schwann cells.
Provides protection to neuron, and speeds up impulse transmission. |
Most neurons in PNS are myelinated. |
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Unmyelinated axon? Function? |
Means that they are without myelin Sheath. The impulses travel slower, since action potential happens all the way to axon. |
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Myelinated axon? |
Axon protected by myelin Sheath, and action potential only happens at the node of Ranvier. TRAVELS FASTER. |
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White matter? (In CNS) |
Myelinated neurons |
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Grey matter? (In CNS) |
Unmyelinated neurons |
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What happens is there are no impulses travelling along neuron? |
There's no separation of charges (polarized) across the membrane |
The neuron is at rest. |
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What is the difference between the inside and outside membrane charges? |
Inside is negative compared to outside |
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What is the biggest contributor to polarization? |
Sodium/Potassium Exchange Pump |
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What does the Na+/K+ pump do? |
They use ATP to transport Na+ ions out and K+ ions into the axon (across the membrane) |
Hint: Active Transport |
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What is ration of the pump of things going in and out? |
3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions in |
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Which side is more positive? |
The outside of membrane |
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sodium/potassium channel/gates allow? Flow of Na+ and K+ when gates open? |
allows the diffusion of ions.
When the gates open, (Na+/K+) will move down their concentration gradients |
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Passive Transport? Examples? |
Means no ATP/energy is needed. Ex: osmosis, diffusion |
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What happens during the axon's passive Transport? |
Na+ ions move into the axon K+ ions move out of the axon Side: gates open/close at different rates |
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What does polarized mean? |
That membrane is at rest, and that no stimulus is sent yet. |
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Do pumps work when gates closed? |
Yes |
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Answer in sequential order: Outside of axon is _______, inside of axon is __________. |
positive, negative |
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What happens in Na+/K+ pump in a depolarized axon? |
Na+ channels/gates open, as Na+ rush into the axon. K+ gates stay closed, hence K+ ions stay inside the axon. |
When Na+ and K+ flow out, they follow their [] gradients |
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How's the charge in a depolarized axon? Why? |
Ionic charge be around 30-40+ mV Because Na+ is moving into axon and K+ stays inside |
Depolarized- negative to positive |
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What happens during Repolarization? (in the pump) |
Na+ gates close and K+ gates open. K+ ions leave axon to follow [] gradient, and Na+ stops flowing into axon. |
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What happens to the charge in repolarization? |
Ionic charge in axon goes to -90mV This is hyperpolarization. |
Think, positive to negative, and hyper-too much |
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What happens after repolarization? Describe pump activity. |
Na+/K+ pumps re-establish resting membrane potential of -70mV, since both gates are closed. |
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Purpose of refractionary period? |
Prevents impulse from going backwards and action potential from happening again at the same location. |
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What is refractionary period?
(not part of notes) |
This is the time during which another stimulus given to the neuron (no matter how strong) will not lead to a second action potential. |
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What is threshold potential? |
the minimum amount of stimulus needed to produce an action potential usually -55mV |
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what happens when -55 mV is not reached in axon? |
an impulse will not be initiated (no action potential) |
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What is intensity determined by? |
the number of impulses; they create a stronger action potential |
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Will depolarization between -70 mV and -55mV cause an action potential? |
No |
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Will depolarization greater than -55mV produce action potentials? |
Yes, and they'll be identical |
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What is the blood-brain barrier? |
Separation of the blood and the central nervous system. |
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Frontal Lobe of Brain function and location? |
At front of the cerebrum Involved with conscious thought. Where information is integrated from other brain parts controlling reasoning, memory, personality, intelligence. Controls involuntary muscle movements. |
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Temporal Lobe function and location? |
Located Below frontal lobe. Main function is auditory reception, though they also process visual info, and is linked to retrieving visual and verbal memories. |
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Parietal Lobe function? |
Receive and process sensory info from skin. Also helps to process info body's position and orientation. |
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Occipital Lobe? |
Receives and processes visual info, and helps person recognize objects/things witnessed. |
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Cerecellum: Location and main function. |
Is in hindbrain, and controls muscle coordination and balance |
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Medulla Oblongata: location and main function |
In hindbrain, controls all the subconscious activities such as breathing, vomiting, blood pressure, swallowing, heart rate etc |
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Pons: function and location |
At the hindbrain, and job is to relay info between cerebellum and cerebral cortex |
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Midbrain function? |
to get sensory input, connecting hindbrain to forebrain |
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Thalamus location and function? |
is at forebrain, and relays info from senses. also connects various brain parts |
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Hypothalamus location and function? |
at forebrain. regulates pituitary gland, heart rate, blood pressure, temp, and controls drives such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire |
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Corpus Callosum function and location? |
Is in cerebrum, and connects the left/right cerebral hemispheres through nerve tracts |
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Cerebrum controls what? |
Containing the 4 lobes, and ability to speak clear |
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Cerebellum controls? |
sensory/motor- helps the person walk straight |
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