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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Central Nervous System
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Composed of the brain and spinal cord
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Surface anatomy of the brain
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-cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem
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A) Telencephalon
B) Diencephalon C) Mesencephalon D) Metencephalon E) Myelencephalon |
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A) Cerebrum
B) Diencephalon C) Brain Stem; midbrain D) Brain Stem; pons E) Cerebellum F) Brain Stem; Medulla onlongata H) Spinal Cord |
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Telencephalon
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Lateral Ventricles
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Diencephalon
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Third Ventricles
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Mesenecephalon
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Cerebral aqueduct
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A) Lateral Ventricles
B) Third Ventricles C) Cerberal Ventricles D) Fourth Ventricles E) Central Canal |
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Know
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Spinal Cord
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External to which is white matter composed of myelinated fiber tracts
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Brain
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-Similar to spinal cord but with more grey matter
-Cerebellum has gray matter in nuclei |
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A) Inner gray matter
B) Outer white matter C) Gray Matter D) Central Cavity E) Region of cerebellum F) Brain Stem G) Spinal Cord |
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Ventricles of the Brain
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Arise from the expansion of the lumen of the neural tube
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The ventricles are (3)
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-The paired C-shaped lateral ventricles
-The third ventricles found in the diencephalon -The fourth ventricle found in the hindbrain dorsal to the pons |
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A) Lateral ventricle
B) Septum pellucidum C) Third ventricle D) Cerebral aqueduct E) Fouth Ventricle F) Central Canal G) Anterior Horn H) Interventricular foramen I) Inferior horn J) Lateral Seperture |
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The cerebral hemipsheres contain ______ and shallow ______
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Ridges (gyri)
Grooves (sulci) |
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Fissures
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Deep groves in the cerberal hemispheres
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Cerebral hemipsheres are seperatted by the
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longitudinal fissure
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The Cerebral hemipsheres have three basic regions
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Cortex, white matter and basal nuclei
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Deep sulci divide the hemipsheres into five lobes
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-Frontal
-Parietal -Temporal -Occipital -Insula |
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Central Suculus
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Seperates the frontal and parietal lobes
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Parieto-occipital suculus
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Seperates the parietal and occipital lobes
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Lateral sulcus
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seperates the parietal and temporal lobes
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What two structures border the central sulcus
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precentral and postcentral gyri
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Cerebral cortex
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superficial gray matter, that accounts for 40% of the mass of the brain. It enables sensation, communication, memory, understanding and voluntary movements
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Each hemisphere in the cerebral cortex acts
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contralaterally: controls opposite sides of the body
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What is different about the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
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they are not equal in function
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Motor Areas
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control voluntary movement
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Sensory areas
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conscious awareness of sensation
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Association areas
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integrate diverse information
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Know
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Know
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Primary motor cortex
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loacted in the precentral gyrun
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What is the primary motor cortex composed of
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pyramidal cells whos axons make up the corticospinal tracts
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What does the primary motor complex allow
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conscious control of precise, skilles, voluntary movements
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Motor homunclulus
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Caricature of relative amounts of cortical tissue devoted to each motor function
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Know
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premotor cortex
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located anterior to the precentral gyrus
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What does premotor cortex control
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learned, repititous, and patterned motor skills
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Brocas Area
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-Located anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area
-present in one hemisphere |
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What role does brocas area play
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-motor speech area that directs muscles of the tongue
-activates as one prepares to speak |
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Frontal eye field
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Located anterior to the premotor cortex and superior to brocas area
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What does the frontal eye field control
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voluntary eye movement
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What are the sensory areas of the brain
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-Primary somatosensory cortex
-Somatosensory association cortex -Visual and auditory areas -Olifactory, gustatory, and vestibular cortices |
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Primary somatosensory cortex
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Located in the postcentral gyrus
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What role does the primary somatosensory cortex play
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-recieves information from the skin and skeletal muscles
-exhibits spatial discrimination |
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Somatosensory homunculus
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-caricature of relative amounts of cortical tissue devoted to each sensory function
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Know
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Know
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Somatosensory association cortex
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located posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex
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What is the role of the somatosensory association cortex
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Intergrates sensory information
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Primary visual (striate) cortex
-Location -Function |
-seen on the extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe
-Recieves visual information from the retinas |
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Visual association area
-Location -Function |
-Surrounds the primary visual cortex
-Interprets visual stimuli (color, form, and movement) |
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Primary Auditory cortex
-Location -Function |
-Located at the superior margin of the temporal lobe
-Revieves information related to pitch, rythm, and loudness |
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Auditory association area
-Location -Function |
-Located posterior to the primary auditory cortex
-Stores memories of sounds and permits preception of sounds |
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Where is wernickes area located
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Auditory association area
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What did carl wernicke describe about the brain
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That people who suffer neurophysiological damage to this area are unable to understand the content word while listening, and unable to produce meaningful sentence; there speech has grammatical structures but no meaning
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What are the association areas (4)
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-prefrontal cortex
-Language areas -General interpretation area -Visceral association |
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Know
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Prefrontal cortex
-Location -Function |
-in the anterior portion of the frontal lobe
-Involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality |
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The prefrontal cortex is necessary for
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judgement, reasoning, persistance, and conscience
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Which cortex is linked to the limbic system
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Prefrontal cortex
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Where are the language areas located
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-large areas surrounding the left lateral sulcus
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Wernickes area (language area)
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involved in sounding out unfamilary words
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Brocas area (language area)
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Speech preperation and production
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Lateral prefrontal cortex (language area)
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Language comprehension and word analysis
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Lateral and ventral temporal lobe (language area)
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coordinate auditory and visual aspects of language
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General Interpretation Area
-Location -Function |
-Found in one hemisphere, usually the left
-Integrates incoming signals into a single though -Involved in processing spatial relationships |
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A) Motor Cortex
B) Wernickes area C) Angular gyrus D) Visual cortex E) Auditory Cortex F) Brocas Area |
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Lateralization
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each hemisphere has the abilities not shared with its partner
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Cerebral dominance
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-designates the hemisphere dominant for language
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Left Hemisphere
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-Controls language, math and logic
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Right Hemisphere
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-controls visual-spatial skills, emotion, and artistic skills
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Cerebral White Matter
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consists of deep myelinated fibers and their tracts
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Cerebral white matter is responsible for the communication between
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The cerebral cortex and lower CNS center, and areas of the cerebrum
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Commissures
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Connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres
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TEST QUESTION!!!!
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TEST QUESTION!!!
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Basal Nuclei/ganglia
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Masses of gray matter found deep within the cortical white matter
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The corpus stratum is composed of three parts
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-Caudate nucleus
-Lentiform nucleus -Fibers of internal capsule |
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Lentiform Nucleus
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Composed of the putamen and the globus pallidus
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Know
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What are the functions of Basal Nuclei (4)
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-Influence muscualr activity
-Regulate attention and cognition -Regulare intensity of slow or sterotyped movements -Inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movement |
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Diencephalon
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-Central core of the forebrain
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What three paired structures does the diencephalon consists of
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-Thalamus
-Hypothalamus -Epithalamus |
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What structure enlcoses the third ventricle
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-Dienchephalon
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Know
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Thalamus
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Paired, egg-shaped masses that form the superolateral walls of the third ventricle
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The thalamus is connected to the midline by the
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intermediate mass
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All inputs ascending to the cerebral cortex pass through the (TQ)
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Thalamus
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Thalamus plays a key role in (5)
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mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory
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Hypothalamus
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Located below the thalamus, it caps the brainsetm and forms the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle
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Mammillary Bodies
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small, paired nuclei bulging anteriorly from the hypothalamus
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The mammillary bodies are the relay station for (TQ)
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Olfactory pathways
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Infundibulum
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Stalk of the hypothalamus; connects to the pituitary gland
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What is the functions of the hypothalamic function
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-blood pressue
-rate and force of heartbeat -digestive tract motility, -rate and depoth of breathing, and many other visceral activities |
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Hypothalamic is involved with perception of (3)
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-pleasure
-fear -rage |
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The hypothalamic controls mechanisms needed to maintain
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normal body temperature
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The hypothalamic regulates feelings of
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hunger and satiety
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The hypothalamic regulates
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sleep and the sleep cycle
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Endocrine functions of the hypothalamus
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Releasing hormones control secreation of hormones by the anterior pituitary
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The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei produce
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ADH and oxytocin
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Epithalamus
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Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon; forms roof of the third ventricle
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Pienal gland
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extends from the posterior border and secreats melatonin
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Melatonin
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a hormone involved with sleep regulation, sleep-wake cycles, and mood
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Choroid plexus
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a structure that secreats cerebral spinal fluid
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Know
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The brain stem consists of three regions
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-midbrain
-pons -medulla oblongata |
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The brain stem is similar to the spinal cord by contains
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embedded nuclei
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The brain stem controls (TQ)
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automatic behaviors necessary for survival
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The brain stem is associated with (TQ)
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10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves
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Know
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Midbrain
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located between the diencephalon and the pons
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Cerebral aqueduct
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hollow tube that connects the third and fourth ventricles
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Midbrain nuclei control cranial nerves _____ and _____
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III(oculomotor) IV(trochlear)
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Corpora quadrigemina
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four domelike protrusions of the dorsal midbrain
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Superior colliculi (TQ)
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Visual reflex centers
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Inferior colliculi (TQ)
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Auditory replay centers
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Substantia nigra
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functionally linked to basal nuclei
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Pons
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Forms part of the anterior wall of the fourth ventricle
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The fibers of the pons relay
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impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum
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pons are the origin of the cranial nerves ___, _____ and ____
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V (trigeminal)
VI (abducens) VII (facial) |
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pons contain nuclei of the
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reticular formation
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Cardivascular control center
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adjust force and rate of heart contractions
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Respiratory centers
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control rate and depth of breathing
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The cerebellum provides
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precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction
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The cerebellar activity occurs
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subconciously
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Folia
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transversely oriented gyri
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Arbor vitae
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distinctive treelike pattern of the cerebellar white matter
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Cerebellum Anatomy
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two bilaterally symmetrical hemispheres connected medially by the vermis
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cerebellum recieves impulses of the intent
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to initiate voluntary muscle contraction
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Proprioceptors and visual signals inform
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the cerebellum of the bodys condition
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the cerebellum cortex calculates
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the best way to perfrom a movement
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A "blueprint" of coordinated movement is sent
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to the cerebral motor cortex
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Two functional brain systems
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-Limbic system
-Reticular formation |
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Limbic system
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structures on the medial acpects of cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon
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Limbic system includes (3)
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-rhinencephalon
-amygadala -hypothalamus |
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Amygadala
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deals with anger, danger, and fear responses
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Which system puts emotional responses to odors
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Limbic System
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Know
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