Chapter 13

Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood stream

Chemical messenger sent to many parts of the body to produce a specific effect on a target cell or organ

In vertebrates, a system that works in parallel from the nervous system to maintain homeostasis by releasing chemical hormones from various glands

Mechanism of homeostasis response by which the output of a system suppresses or inhibits the activity of the system

Hormone regulated by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland that increases the permeability of the distal tubule and the collecting duct in the nephrons of the kidney, allowing more water to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream from the filtrate

Hormone that targets endocrine glands and stimulates them to release other hormones

Consists of both the anterior and posterior pituitary, both of which produce hormones that influence metabolism, growth, development, reproduction and other life functions.

Posterior lobe of the pituitary, an endocrine gland that stores and releases ADH and oxytocin, which are produced by the hypothalamus and transferred to the posterior pituitary by neural axons

An endocrine gland that synthesizes and secretes 6 major hormones: human growth hormone (hGH), prolactin (PRL), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Stimulates the liver to secrete hormones called growth factors, which along the hGH influence many physiological processes such as protein synthesis, cell division and growth, and metabolic breakdown and release of fats

Butterfly shaped gland located below the larynx in the neck, produces thyroxine and helps regulate metabolism and growth

Hormone produced by the thyroid and released into the bloodstream: controls the rate that the body metabolizes fats, carbohydrates and proteins for energy

Condition when the thyroid produces to low of a level of thyroxine

When the thyroid produces extremely high levels of thyroxine

Released by the anterior pituitary which causes the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine; controlled by the negative feedback mechanism, the rising levels of thyroxine are detected in the blood by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary suppress the secretion of TSH and thyroxine

Enlargement of a thyroid gland caused when the thyroid gland is constantly stimulated by TSH, but is unable to synthesize thyroxine to create a negative feedback loop

One pair of organs located on top of the kidneys; composed of two layers (an outer cortex and an inner medulla); each layer produces different hormones and functions as an independent organ

Inner layer of the adrenal glands that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones that regulate the short term stress response

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex hormones that regulates the short term stress response

Aka noradrenaline: regulates the short term stress response

The bodies acute reaction to stress in which the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated (fight or flight response)

The outer layer of the adrenal glands that produce glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, hormones that regulates long term stress response: also secretes small amounts of gonadocorticoids: female and male sex hormones that supplement the hormones produced by the testis and ovaries

Sustained physiological response to stressors, characterized by increases to blood glucose and blood pressure and decrease in inflammatory response; regulated by hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

A type of glucocorticoid hormone released by the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland in a long term stress response; triggers an increase in blood glucose levels and reduces inflammation

Hormone synthesized by the anterior pituitary gland to target the adrenal cortex and regulate the production of glucocorticoids

A type of mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; stimulates the distal tubule and collecting duct of the kidneys to increase the absorption of sodium into the bloodstream which is followed by the passive absorption of water and chloride

A small gland in the abdomen that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine; as well as bicarbonate to neutralize hydrochloric acid from the atom; also secretes the hormone insulin

Cluster of endocrine cells found throughout the pancreas; consisting of glucagon- producing alpha cells and insulin-producing beta cells

Cell of the pancreas which secretes insulin to decrease the level of blood glucose

Cell of the pancreas which secretes glucagon to increase the level of blood glucose

A hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans in the pancreas to make target cells more permeable to glucose; enables the body to use sugar and other carbohydrates

Hormone produced by the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans in the pancreas to stimulate the liver to convert glycogen back into glucose which is released into the blood

A condition that results when the pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin or the body doesn’t respond properly to insulin. Levels of glucose tend to rise sharply after meals (hyperglycaemia) and remain at significantly elevated levels

Condition from high levels of blood glucose, occurs in individuals with diabetes mellitus

A condition where the immune system produces antibodies that attack and destroy the beta cells of the pancreas so they’re unable to produce insulin. This requires daily insulin injections

A condition that develops slowly over time either because the insulin receptors stop responding to insulin or Because the beta cells produce less and less insulin over time

G- growth hormone “hGH”

O- Oxytocin

A- anti diuretic hormone “ADH”

T- Thyroid stimulating hormone “TSH”

F- Follicle Stimulating Hormone “FSH”

L- Luteinizing Hormone “LH”

A-Adrenocorticotropic hormone “ACTH”

P- Prolactin “PRL”

Stimulates cell division, bone and muscle growth and metabolic functions

Raises blood calcium levels by stimulating the bone cells to release calcium, the intestines absorb calcium from food, and the kidneys to reabsorb calcium

Glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoids and gonadocorticoids

Stimulate tissues to raise blood glucose and break down protein

Ex. Cortisol

Promotes reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys (raises blood pressure)

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

Stimulates the production of ova and sperm

Stimulates sex hormone production

Stimulates milk production from the mammary gland

Promotes the retention of water from the kidneys

Stimulates uterine muscle contractions and the release of milk from the mammary glands

Thyroxine and Calcitonin

Affects all tissues, increases metabolic rate and increases growth and development

Targets bones and kidneys to lower blood calcium by inhibiting release of calcium from bone and reabsorption on calcium by kidneys

Promote sexual characteristics

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

They are our fight or flight hormones and they raise blood glucose levels

Insulin and glucagon

Lowers blood glucose levels and promotes glycogen to form in the liver

Raises blood glucose levels by converting glycogen into glucose

Estrogen and progesterone

Hypothalamus

(Releasing hormone “hormone 1)”

Pituitary gland

(Stimulating hormone “hormone 2”)

Target gland

(Hormone 3)<— feeds back to hypothalamus and pituitary gland