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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The brain is composed of four major regions:
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cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brainstem
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The cerebrum is divided into two halves called
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left cerebral hemisphere, right cerebral hemisphere
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Each cerebral hemisphere can be subdivided into five functional areas called:
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lobes
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What are the 5 lobes of a cerebral hemisphere?
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frontal, occipital, parietal, insualte, temporal
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The outer surface of an adult brain exhibits folds called
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gyri
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shallow depressions between gyri are called
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sulci
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Deeper depressions or grooves in the brain are called
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fissures
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The nervous system is derived from the ____ during development
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ectoderm
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Two distinct tissue areas within the brain and spinal cord:
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gray matter; white matter
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White matter derives its color from
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meylination
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The external sheets of gray matter on the cerebrum are called
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cerebral cortex
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Within masses of white matter, the brain also contains discrete internal clusters of gray matter called
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cerebral nuclei
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what are cerebral nuclei?
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clusters of neuron cell bodies
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A cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
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ganglion
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Group of CNS neuron cell bodies with a common function
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center
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center that displays discrete anatomic boundaries
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nucleus
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bundle of axons extending through the PNS
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nerve
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network of nerves
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nerve plexus
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CNS axon bundle in which the axons have a similar function and share a common origin and destination
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tract
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group of tracts in a specific area of the spinal cord
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funiculus
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centers and tracts that connect the cns with body organs and systems
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pathway
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____ acts as a cushioning fluid between specific layers of meninges
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CSF cerebral spinal fluid
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This prevents entry of harmful materials into the brain from the blood
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blood-brain barrier
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What are the three meninges of the brain?
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pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
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Which meninge is closest to the brain?
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pia mater
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which meninge is the middle meninge?
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arachnoid mater
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which meninge is the outermost?
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dura mater
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What kind of CT is the pia mater?
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areolar
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this layer of mater follows every contour of the brain surface
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pia mater
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what is another name for arachoid mater?
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arachnoid membrane
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which mater layer resembles a spider web?
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arachnoid membrane
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what is the web in arachnoid mater composed of?
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collagen and elastic fibers
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what is the web of collagen and elastic fibers of the arachnoid layer called?
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arachnoid trabeculae
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immediately deep to the arachnoid mater is the
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subarachnoid space
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where is CSF located?
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subarachnoid space
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are there arteries and veins in the subarachnoid space?
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yes
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potential space between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater
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subdural space
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what kind of CT is the dura mater?
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dense irregular CT with two fibrous layers
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which is the strongest of the meninges?
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dura mater
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How many layers is the dura mater composed of? What are they?
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two;
meningeal layer (immediately superficial to the arachnoid) periosteal layer (most superficial layer) |
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A large, blood-filled space in the brain between the meningeal layer and periosteal layer of the dura mater
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dural venous sinuses
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Do dural venous sinuses have valves?
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no
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What do dural venous sinuses do?
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remove blood from the brain
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A sinus is a modified _____
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vein
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The dura mater and the bones of the skull may be separated by potential ____ space
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epidural
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These membranous partitions separate specific parts of the brain and provide additional stabilization and support to the brain
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cranial dura septa
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What are the four cranial dural septa?
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falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, diaphragma sellae
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Which is the largest of the four dural septa?
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falx cerebri
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this horizontal fold of dura mater separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum
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tentorium cerebelli
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this fold forms a tent over the cerebellum
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tentorium cerebelli
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The gap or opening at the anterior surface of the tentorium cerebelli
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tentorial notch or tentorial incisure
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what is another name for tentorial notch
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tentorial incisure
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what is another name for the tentorial incisure?
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tentorial notch
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the _____ dural septa divides the left and right cerebella hemispheres
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falx cerebelli
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this is the smallest of the dural septa
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diaphragma sellae
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This dural septa forms a roof over the sella turcica of the sphenoid bne
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diaphragma sellae
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the infindibulum passes through an opening in the _____
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diaphragma sellae dural septa
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this attaches the pituitary gland to the base of the hypothalamus
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infindibulum
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_____ are cavities or expansions within the brain that are derived from the neural canal
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ventricles
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all of the ventricles are line with _____ cells
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ependymal
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all of the ventricles contain
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CSF
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What are the four ventricles in the brain?
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two lateral ventricles
third ventricle fourth ventricle |
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lateral ventricles are in the ____ and separated by a partition called the
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cerebrum;
septum pellucidum |
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The third ventricle is located within
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diencephalon
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each lateral ventricle communicates with the 3rd ventricle via
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interventricular foramen or foramen of munro
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what is another name for interventricular foramen
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foramen of munro
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what is another name for foramen of munro?
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interventricular foramen
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this passes through the midbrain and connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles
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cerebral aquaduct
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the fourth ventricle is located between the _____ and the _____
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pons; cerebellum
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this ventricle merges with the central canal of the spinal cord
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4th
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Name 3 functions of the CSF
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buoyancy, protection; environmental stability
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This transports nutrients and chemical messengers to the brain and removes waste from the brain
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CSF
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CSF is formed by
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choroid plexus
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choroid plexus is made up of
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ependymal cells and capillaries
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The pathologic condition of excessive CSF
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hydrocephalus
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fingerlike extensions of the arachnoid mater project through the dura mater into the dural venous sinuses to form _____
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arachnoid villi
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A collection of arachnoid villi forms an_____
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arachnoid granulation
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This provides a conduit for a one-way flow of excess CSF to be returned to the blood within the dural venous sinuses
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arachnoid villi
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Nervous tissue is protected from the general circulation by the _____
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blood-brain barrier
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This strictly regulates which substances can and cannot enter the interstitial fluid of the brain
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blood-brain barrier
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the continuous basement membrane of the _____ cells is a significant bbb
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endothelial
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what two cell types form the bbb
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perivascular feet of astrocytes;
endothelial cells of capillaries |
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Give some examples of things that can pass through the BBB
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nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, some anesthetics
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what kind of drugs can damage the BBB
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meth and cocaine
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the BBB is reduced or missing in these areas of the CNS:
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choroid plexus, hypothalamus, pineal gland
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This is the location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions
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cerebrum
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The functional activities in the ____ allow you to read and understand
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cerebrum
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This is the center of intelligence, reasoning, sensory perception, thought, memory and judgement, as well as voluntary motor, visual and auditory activities
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cerebrum
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What cleft separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?
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longitudinal fissure
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bundles of axons called _____ form white matter regions that allow for communication between cerebral hemispheres
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tracts
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the largest white matter tact allowing for communication between cerebral hemispheres is called
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corpus callosum; main communication of cerebral hemispheres
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are two hemispheres of cerebrum mirror images?
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yes
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what are the functional differences between hemispheres of the cerebrum called
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cerebral latereralization
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What is the frontal lobe primarily concerned with?
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voluntary motor functions, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning and personality
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The frontal lobe ends posteriorly at a deep groove called the
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central sulcus
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the inferior border of the frontal lobe is marked by the
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lateral sulcus
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the mass of nervous tissue immediately anterior to the central sulcus
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precentral gyrus
part of frontal lobe |
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the parietal lobe borders the
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central sulcus, parieto-occipital sulcas, lateral sulcus
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a mass of nervous tissue immediately posterior to the central sulcus
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postcentral gyrus;
part of the pareital lobe |
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The parietal lobe is involved with
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general sensory functions, such as evaluating the shape and texture of objects being touched
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this lobe is involved with hearing and smell
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temporal
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this lobe is responsible for processing incoming visual information and storing visual memories
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occipital
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____ is a small lobe deep to the lateral sulcus
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insula
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what is the insula?
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5th lobe
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what does the insula do?
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involved with interpretation of taste and memory
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What are the three categories of functions in the cerebrum?
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motor, sensory, association
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This person produced a map that shows the specific areas of the cerebral cortex where certain functions occur
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Brodmann
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what is a motor homunculus?
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diagram of the distribution of the primary motor cortex innervation to various body parts
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diagram of the distribution of the primary motor cortex innervation to various body parts
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motor homunculus
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Brocca area
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motor speech area
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what is the motor speech area called?
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brocca area
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This cortical area controls and regulates the eye movements needed for reading and coordinating binocular vision
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frontal eye field
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this gland secretes melatonin
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pineal gland
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what does the pineal gland secrete and what does the secretion do?
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melatonin; responsible for day/night cycles known as the body's circadian rhythm
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The between brain
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diencephalon
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What are the two functional systems of the brain?
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limbic system; reticular formation
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The _____ is composed of multiple cerebral and diencephalic structures that collectively process and experience emotions.
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limbic system
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this system processes and experiences emotions
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limbic system
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the limbic system is composed of multiple _____ and _____ structures
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cerebral; diencephalic
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multiple cerebral and diencephalic structures make up the _____ system
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limbic
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This system is sometimes referred to as the _____
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emotional brain
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the emotional brain
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limbic system
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The hippocampus is shaped like a _____
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seahorse
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this part of the brain is shaped like a seahorse
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hippocampus
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Projecting vertically through the core of the midbrain, pons, and medulla is a loosely organized core of gray matter called the _____
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reticular formation
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The reticular formation has both _____ and _____ components
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motor; sensory
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