Chapter 13 Perioperative Pharmacology

A drug that produces a response in the body by binding to a receptor

Hypersensitivity to a substance a response produced by the immune system

Drugs that inhibit the growth of or kill bacteria

An unexpected harmful reaction to a drug

A drug or chemical the blocks a receptor mediated response

The extent and rate at which a drug or its metabolites enter the systemic circulation and reach the action site

The name of the drug that reflects its molecular structure

The measure of the quantity of a substance per unit of volume or weight

Are circumstances that make it used medically inadvisable because it increases the risk of injury or harm

Radiopaque solutions that are introduced into body cavities and vessels to outline the inside surfaces

Drugs that have potential for abuse. Are rated according to their potential risk these ratings are called schedules

The liquid component of a drug that must be reconstituted from a powder to a solution for purposes of administration

The regulated administration of prescribed amount of drug. Is expressed as a quantity of drug per unit of time

The quantity of a drug to be taken at one time or the state of amount of drug per unit of distribution

A chemical substance that when taken into the body changes one or more of the body's functions

The giving of a drug to a person by any route

In pharmacology refers to a drug group that was developed from a previous prototype

The formula name of a drug that is assigned by the US adopted names Council

The time required for one half of a drug to be cleared from the body

Allergic immune response to a substance causing a range of symptoms from mild inflammation to anaphylactic shock and death

Refers to administration of a drug directly into bone marrow

Refers to administration of a drug into the spinal canal

Refers to administration of a drug by injection

The period of maximum effect of a drug

The biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action in the body

The movement of a drug through the tissues and cells of the body including the processes of absorption distribution and localization in tissues biotransformation and excretion by mechanical and chemical means

The study of drugs and their action in the body

An order for a drug written by a qualified medical staff member

The patented name given to a drug by its manufacturer

Anticipated effects of a drug other than those intended

Range of drug doses that can treat disease effectively while staying within the safety range

Refers to application of a drug to the skin or mucous membrane

The name given to a drug by the company that produces and sells it

Refers to administration of a drug by absorption through the skin such as with white men or patches impregnated with the drug

An organization that establishes standards for drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the labeled use

Most drugs are derived from

Is used by many primary health care providers especially prescribers and pharmacists. It contains detailed information about prescription and over-the-counter drugs needed for safe administration

Is the complete reference of all drugs dietary supplements and devices marked for medical use in the United States

Laws pertaining two prescriptions dispensing and administration of drugs are defined by each States

A drug that has high potential for abuse and has no accepted safety for use under medical supervision

The drug or other substances has a low potential for abuse relative to drugs or other substances in schedule 3

The drug has a high potential for abuse it has an accepted medical use with restrictions in the United States

The drug has low abuse potential. It has accepted medical use. Abuse can lead to limited physical or psychological dependence

The drug has less abuse potential than schedule 1 or 2 it has an accepted medical use in the United States abuse of the drug can lead to low or moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence

Is a system of identifying drugs by name. Three methods are used in the international system generic name, trade name, and chemical formula

The seven drug rights

Directed to a person who will fill the order, who verifies the information by reciting it back to the prescriber.

Drugs and other medical substances are manufactured in a formulation that is compatible with how the drug is administered and how it reaches the target tissue

Pregnancy category no demonstrated risk to the fetus

Pregnancy category inadequate studies have been done and animals and people some studies show risk to the fetus in animals

Pregnancy category drugs have been proven to pose a risk that outweighs the benefits of the drug

Pregnancy category there is a risk to the human fetus but the benefit may outweigh risk in certain situations

Pregnancy category animal studies have not demonstrated risk and there are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women or studies in animals show risk to the fetus but well design studies in people do not

The ten elements have the most influence on drug errors

What are those that have been implicated in extraordinary high number of errors many of them with fatal consequences has reported to the National medication errors reporting program

This order can be longhand, type, or submitted electronically

Disorder remains in effect until the prescriber withdrawals it

The drug is to be administered right away

Drug is to be given as needed

Is a small hollow one piece container with narrow neck. It is opened by breaking the tip at the neck

Is used to reconstitute a drug requiring saline as a diluent

Is used for general irrigation in body cavities and large wounds

It has been replaced in all countries by metric measurements

Is used to measure dispense and administer a drug. This is the most accurate method of measuring liquids

Are sized according to gauge and linked. The larger the gauge the smaller the size

Is an electronic device that delivers a programmed amount of drug in a specific time period

Long-term administration of drugs including chemotherapy agents and IV solutions, parental nutritional solutions and blood is facilitated by placing a temporary or semi permanent

Allergic reaction categorized by tissue inflammation caused by the release of histamine in the body

Allergic reaction cause by antigen antibody complexes which cause tissue damage when they trigger immune response

Pharmacokinetics is divided into four processes

Is the process by which a drug enters the body tissues with following administration

Is when a drug enters the bloodstream and is carried to body tissues where it exerts its pharmacological effect

Is a chemical breakdown of a drug in the body. Most drugs are broken down into smaller less complex chemical components by enzymes

The point in time when a drug first takes effect is called

Drugs are mainly eliminated or cleared from the body through the kidneys. A small percentage is excreted through the bio Larry track, breast milk, saliva, and intestine. This is called

Occurs when drugs given simultaneously cause effect that is greater than any one of the drugs would have by itself

Was developed during the 1940s. It was the first true antibiotic and many different categories of this have emerged all arising from the prototype

Are at low levels and bactericidel in high doses. Are broad spectrum drugs but are most active against gram-positive bacteria. Most commonly are used to treat respiratory tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases

All have similar action. They are bacteriostatic and bactericidal and they inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria

Or broad-spectrum antimicrobial that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Are supplied almost exclusively for oral administration against specific microbes such as rickettsiae and mycobacteria

Are effective against gram-negative bacteria in which they inhibit protein synthesis. Is used carefully because of adverse reactions

These are broad-spectrum antibacterials that inhibit DNA synthesis. They are used in a variety of infections including respiratory, arthritic, urinary tract, and gastrointestinal conditions

Are most commonly used to treat acute urinary tract infections. Were first introduced in 1930 S

Are used for superficial and systemic fungal disease.

Are called anticancer drugs

Affect neurotransmission in the autonomic nervous system

The autonomic system can produce these two different types of responses

Increase the effect of the sympathetic neurotransmitter. Includes both alpha and beta agonist

Block the effect of the sympathetic neurotransmitter. Includes alpha and beta blockers

Contains serum and blood cells + anticoagulant and preservatives

And unit contains 150 to 210 milliliters of red cells plus a small amount of plasma and preservatives

Or normal red blood cells that have been watch to remove the plasma and are administered to patients who demonstrate repeated hypersensitivity to blood or components

Contain leukocytes in reduced volume with in red blood cells. Are used in patients with a history of nonhemolytic fabrile transfusion reactions

Are essential for blood coagulation and contain coagulation factors, red blood cells, and white blood cells. Are administered to patients with bleeding disorders such as thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction

Are obtained from a abo RH compatible toner and are used to treat severe neutropenia

Is extracted from whole blood and contains normal amounts of coagulation factors. This blood product is used for patients who have coagulation disorders and active bleeding and require invasive procedures

Is the concentration of several emo static proteins that have been prepared from whole blood. Argues for patients with significantly decreased fibrinogen who are actively bleeding or require invasive procedures

Are used in patients with hemophilia who require invasive procedures

Is a drug that inhibits blood clot formation but does not dissolve clots

Are used for prevention of venous thromboembolism. Also used in prevention of coagulation during renal dialysis and cardiac surgery

Oral anticoagulant therapy using vitamin K antagonists. Is used in the treatment of venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism and cardiac abnormalities that increase the risk of embolism in conditions such as valve disease

Are used for the immediate breakdown of systemic blood clots particularly in myocardial infarction

This category of drugs causes the loss of primary central nervous system functions such as consciousness sensation some autonomic responses and recall of events that occurred while the drug is present in the body

Are used to paralyzed skeletal muscles an essential component of general anesthesia

Group of drugs used to control pain

Are used in a variety of medical and surgical situations to depress consciousness and induce drowsiness

Are used in regional anesthesia to block sensation with or without sedative drugs that provide anxiolysis relaxation

Are used for magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography. Contrast media

Contrast media that is used in echocardiography and ultrasound

Is an opaque contrast medium used in radiological studies of the GI tract

Is used to perform of the Schiller test to identify cervical dysplasia

Is used to identify abnormal tissue cells in gynecological and urogenital procedures

Is used to enhance the detection of cervical neoplasia during colposcopy

Are solutions that contain a small amount of electrolyte solutes

Solute concentration equal to the physiological environment

Solute concentration higher than that of the physiological environment

Solute concentration lower than that of the physiological environment

Is a particle or substance that is dispersed throughout the fluid but not dissolve in it.

All Irrigation solutions are saline based and they are labeled as

Stimulate the production of urine by the kidneys. This creates a shift of body fluids. They are the most commonly used in treatment of hypertension and pulmonary edema

Neutralization of stomach acid is an important goal before and during surgery in order to prevent lung damage in the event of regurgitation and aspiration doing general anesthesia

Reduce gastric fluid acidity and volume.

These drugs prevent or reduce vomiting

Called a cytotoxic reaction the results of interaction between two antibodies and cell surface antigens