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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Medical Model
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It proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease
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What 3 medical concepts have proven valuable in the treatment and study of abnormality
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Diagnosis, etiology, and prognosis
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Diagnosis
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Involves distinguishing one illness from another
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Etiology
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Refers to the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness
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Prognosis
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A forecast about the probably course of an illness
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The concepts have widely shared meanings that permit ________, _________, and the _________ to communicate more effectively in their discussion of abnormal behavior.
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Clinicians, Researchers and the public
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What the variety of criteria that clinicians rely on when they make diagnoses?
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Deviance
Maladaptive behavior Personal distress |
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Deviance
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- People are often said to have a disorder because their behavior deviates from what their society considers acceptable
- What constitutes as normality varies somewhat from one culture to another EX. men dressing in women's clothing |
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Maladaptive behavior
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- People are judged because their adaptive behavior is impaired
- Key criterion in the diagnosis of substance use (drugs) disorders EX: when use of cocaine begins to interfere with a person's social or occupational functioning |
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Personal distress
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- Diagnosis is usually based on an individual's report of great personal distress
- Usually criterion met by people who are troubles by depression or anxiety disorders EX: when people describe their subjective pain and suffering to friends, relatives and mental health professionals |
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It is often difficult to draw a line that clearly separates normality from abnormality. True or False?
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True
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When are people judged to have psychological disorders?
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Only when their behavior becomes extremely deviant, maladaptive, or distressing
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Normality and abnormality exist on a _______
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Continuum.
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What does the DSM-IV do?
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It asks for judgments about individuals on five separate "axes".
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Prevalence
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Portion of population that meets for criteria for a disorder
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Anxiety disorders
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A class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety
- Apprehension about the future - Normal and adaptive |
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Marked by a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat
- Chronic, excessive, uncontrollable anxiety over a number of topics; WORRY PREV: 5% |
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Phobic Disorder
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Marked by a persistent and irrational feat of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
- Fear is irrational, persistent, disruptive, to everyday functioning, cued by a specific object or situation PREV: 11.3% |
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When is being scared of something considered a phobic disorder?
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When it starts to interfere with functioning
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Social Anxiety Disorder
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Persistent, irrational fear of social or performance situations because of fears of being scrutinized by others or embarrassed
EX: Talking to authority figures, speaking on the phone, talking to neighbors, etc. PREV: 13.3% |
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Panic disorder
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Characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly
- Intense worry or changed in behavior due to recurrent, unexpected panic attacks |
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What is a panic attack?
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It is a period of intense fear or discomfort
PREV: 2-5% |
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Agoraphobia
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A fear of going out to public places
- Anxiety about places or situations where escape might be difficult if panic-like symptoms would occur |
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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Marked by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of (compulsions)
PREV: 2.5% |
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Obsessions
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Intrusive and disruptive thoughts, images or urges
EX: sexually inappropriate thoughts, contaminated by germs, etc. |
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Compulsions
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Repetitive actions or rituals used to provide relief or anxiety reduction
EX: constant hand washing, repetitive cleaning and ordering of things, etc. |
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What is OC often associated with?
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It is associated with social and occupational impairments
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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Involves enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of am major traumatic event.
PREV: 7% |
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What the symptoms of PTSD?
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- Intrusive thoughts/ re-experiencing
- Avoidance - Negative emotional/ cognitive reactions - Heightened arousal and reactivity |
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What is one key predicator of vulnerability?
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Intensity of one's reaction at the time of the traumatic event
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Concordance rate
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Indicates the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives that exhibit the same disorder
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Who show more genetic similarity? Identical twins or Fraternal twins?
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Identical twins
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What can anxiety develop through?
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- Direct negative experience
- "False alarm" - Observing harm to others or fear in others - Informational transfer |
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The Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is the elevator. The Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) is the elevator fall 2 feet. What is the Unconditioned Response (UCR)?
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Fear.
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Some people are more likely to suffer from anxiety problems because they tend to...?
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- Misinterpret harmless situations as threatening
- Focus excessive attention on perceived threats - Selectively recall information that seems threatening |
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Can anxiety disorders be stress related?
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Yes
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Dissociative disorders
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A class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity
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Dissociative amnesia
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A sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting
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Dissociative fugue
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People lose their memory for their entire lives along with their sense of personal identity
EX: forget their name, they family, where they live, etc. yet still remember how to drive and do math |
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Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
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Involves the coexistence in one person or two or more largely complete, and usually very different, personalities
- Also called multiple personality disorder |
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Substance Use disorder
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Use of substance that has become problematic and uncontrollable
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What are the symptoms of Substance Use Disorder?
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- Uncontrollable use
- Social impairment - Risky use - Psychological dependence (Tolerance: need more of a substance to achieve an effect and Withdrawal: negative physical and psychological symptoms after stopping use) PREV: 15-25% |
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Mood disorders
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A class of disorders marked by emotional disturbances or varied kinds that may spill over to disrupt physical, perceptual, social, and thought processes
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What are the two basic types of mood disorders?
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Bipolar and Unipolar
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Major depressive disorder
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People show persistent feelings of sadness and despair along with a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure
PREV: women 21% and male 13% |
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Anhedonia
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A central feature of depression that is a diminished ability to experience pleasure
- Lack energy or motivation to tackle the tasks of living to the point where they have trouble getting out of bed |
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Bipolar disorder
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The experience of one or more manic episodes as well as periods of depression
PREV: 0.5-1.5% |
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Manic episode
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Period of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood state
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Genetic vulnerability is stronger for ______ than ________.
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Stronger for bipolar than Major Depressive disorder
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What factors affect mood disorders?
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- Genetics
- Neural chemical abnormalities - Cognitive (thinking about it too much) - Interpersonal (Social skills, social support, etc.) - Stress |
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What are some Cognitive factors of depression?
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Negative events --> Attribution to personal flaws --> Sense of hopelessness --> Depression
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Schizophrenia
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A class of disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive behavior
PREV: 7% Almost 40% of homeless |
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Delusions
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False beliefs that are maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality
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Hallucinations
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Sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of a real, external stimulus or are gross distortions of perceptual input
- Most common --> Auditory hallucinations |
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Paranoid schizophrenia
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Dominated by delusions of persecution, along with delusions of grandeur
- Believe they have many enemies that want to harass or oppress them |
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Catatonic schizophrenia
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Marked by striking motor disturbances. ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity
- Catatonic stupor: virtually motionless and oblivious to environment - Catatonic excitement: hyperactive and inherent |
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Disorganized schizophrenia
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Particularly sever deterioration of adaptive behavior is seen
- Emotional indifference, frequent incoherence, and virtually complete social withdrawal |
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Undifferentiated schizophrenia
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Marked by idiosyncratic mixtures of schizophrenic symptoms
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What is the neurochemical basis for schizophrenia?
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Dopamine activity
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Schizophrenia is associated with enlarged ventricles in the brain. True or False.
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True.
- Mostly in those with symptoms of disorganized thought, behavior |
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Prenatal viral infection
Prenatal malnutrition Obstetrical complications Other brain insults can lead to... |
Disruption of normal maturational process before or at birth --> Subtle neurological damage
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What can subtle neurological damage lead to?
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Minor physical anomalies or increased vulnerability schizophrenia
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Autistic disorder (Autism)
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Characterized by profound impairment or social interaction and communication and severely restricted interests and activities, apparent by the age of 3
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