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177 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
blood vessels
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form a closed system
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3 major types of blood vessels
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artery, capillary, veins
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artery
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carries blood AWAY from the heart
example: Pulmonary arteries carry O2 poor blood to lungs, aorta and branches carry blood from heart throughout body |
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capillary
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exchange nutrients and waste
Ex. Capillary beds of all body tissues and capillary beds of lungs where gas exchange occurs |
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veins
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carry blood TOWARDS the heart
Ex. Pulmonary veins carry blood from lungs to heart, superior/inferior vena cavae are veins |
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tunica intima
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lines lumen wall, intimately touches lumen, simple squamous epithelial layer, forms smooth layer (decrease friction)
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tunica media
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thickest layer, smooth muscle and elastin connective tissue, vasoconstrict or vasodialate, regulated by vasomotor nerve from ANS, blood pressure and circulation
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tunica externa
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outermost layer, loose collagen connective tissue, nerves and lymph vessels, vasa vasorum- vessels of the vessels, protect and reinforce vessels, anchor to surrounding vessels
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lumen
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blood containing space
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arterial system
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heart->elastic arteries->muscular arteries->arterioles->terminal arteriole->metarteriole->precapillary spinchter->capillaries
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venous system
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venous system: heart->large veins->capacitance vessels->small veins->postcapillary venule->thoroughfare channel->capillaries
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arteriovenous anastomosis
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where vascular channels unite, they form interconnections
meta-arteriole thoroughfare channels shunts off capillary beds that connect arterioles and venules |
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lympatic system
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lymphatic system: large veins->large lymphatic vessels->lymph node->lympatic system->lympatic capillaries->sinusoids
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Vascular Anastomoses
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“coming together” a network of streams that both branch out and reconnect so blood can get to where it is going
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arterial anastomoses
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alternate pathways (collateral channels) for adequate blood supply to get to body region
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venous anastomoses
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more common
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anastomoses common in
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joints, abdominal organs, brain, heart,
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anastomoses NOT common in
what happens if cut? |
retina, kidneys, spleen
if main path is cut, cells of that organ have no suppply and cells die |
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Elastic Arteries
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thick walled arteries
near heart, aorta, and branches large lumen in diameter low resistance to flow conducting artieries elastin in all three tunics, most elastin of any vessel type (most elastin in tunica media) lots of smooth muscle but no vasoconstriction regulates pressure (expands and recoils with pressure changes) |
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decreased elastin in arteries. what happens?
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hardening of the arteries: arteriosclerosis
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Muscular Arteries
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deliver blood to body organs
thick tunica media (mostly smooth muscle) vasoconstricts- elastic lamina present in tunica media |
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Arterioles
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smallest arteries; lead to capillary beds
control flow into capillary beds with neural, hormonal, chemical |
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capillaries
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smallest blood vessels
walls: thin tunica interna, once cell thick allow only single RBC to pass at a time periytes on ourter surface stabilize capillary walls |
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3 types of capillaries
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continous, fenestrated, sinusoids
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continuous capillaries
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abundant in skin and muscles
skin and muscles Endothelial cells provide uninterrupted lining Adjacent cells are connected with tight junctions Intercellular clefts allow the passage of fluids |
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continuous capillaries in brain
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unique
tight junctions completley around endothelium thick basal lamina constitute teh blood brain barrier: protective mechanism that helps maintain stable enviornment for brain least permeable, most common |
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Fenestrated capillaries
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Found wherever active capillary absorption or filtrate formation occurs (e.g., small intestines, endocrine glands, and kidneys)
receive nutrients from food in small intestine and endocrine system and kidney allows quick absorption of hormones in blood endothelium riddled with pores (fenestrations) Greater permeability than other capillaries Pores increase permeability |
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Sinusoidal capillaries
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most permeable
Highly modified, leaky, fenestrated capillaries with large lumens Found in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, lymphoid tissue, and in some endocrine organs Allow large molecules (proteins and blood cells) to pass between the blood and surrounding tissues Irregularly shaped lumen, decrease in tight junctions, increase in larger intercellular clefts, allows blood cells thru huge pores |
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capillary beds
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Blood flow is regulated by vasomotor nerves and local chemical conditions btwn capillary and vein
a microcirculation of interwoven networks of capillaries, consisting of vascular shunts |
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microcirculations
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artery to vein
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vascular shunts
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meta-arteriole (between arteriole and capillary) thoroughfare cahnnel connecting an arteriole directly with a postcapillary venule
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postcapillary venule
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function: drain capillary bed
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terminal arteriole
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feeds blood to capillary bed
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true capillary
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10 to 100 per capillary bed, capillaries branch off the metarteriole and return to the thoroughfare channel at the distal end of the bed
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two types of vessels
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vascular shunt: short vessel that directly conncets arteriole and veins at opposite ends of bed
true capillary: exchange vessel |
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venous capillaries
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formed when capillary beds unite
extremely orous fluids and WBC's pass thru wall from interstitial space easily |
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postcapillary venules
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smallest venules, composed of endothelium and a few pericytes
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large venules
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have one or two layers of smooth muscle (tunica media)
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veins are
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Formed when venules converge
Composed of three tunics: tunica intima thin tunica media thick tunica externa: collagen fibers and elastic networks Capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs) that contain 65% of the blood supply thin wall, thick lume accomodate large blood volume which decreases BP in veins |
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vein valves
how do they wor? |
veins have 1 way vales toward vena cava (toward heart)
: prevent blood flow from flowing backwards, most abundant in lower limbs, fighting gravity, not in abdomen or thoracic |
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how do we get varicose veins?
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Hydrostatic pressure/gravity pushes blood downwards. The downward pressure of vessels when obese/pregnant restrict blood return to heart, blood pools in lower limbs, vein walls stretch and become floppy- we get varicose veins
Veins are tortured and dilated b/c mostly leaky valves in lower limbs and b/c genetics, standing in 1 position for a long time, obesity, pregnancy |
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blood flow
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volume of blood flowing thru a vessel, relatively constant, aka cardiac output
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blood pressure
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force exerted per unit area on a vessel wall (mm Hg), arterial pressure, pressure differences or gradient
PRESSURE IN VESSELS systemic arterial blood pressure in largest arteries near heart |
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Blood pressure vs. systolic/diastolic pressure
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systolic/diastolic pressure (ventricles)
blood pressure (aorta) |
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Pressure
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PRESSURE IN HEART difference in BP with in vascular system that gives driving force that keeps blood moving down pressure gradient (high concentration to low concentration)
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Resistance
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opposition of flow (peripheral resisitance), viscocity, vessel length and vessel radius, measure of friction, aka afterload
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viscocity
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aka afterload, measure of the resistance of a fluid (affected by exercise)
Think: blood/syrup: cold=increase resistance, thick Hot: decrease resistance, watery, stickiness |
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total blood vessel length
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does not change, increase length= increase resistance= increase viscocity
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Blood vessel radius
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½ the diameter, fluid in center moves fastest
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Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
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Flow through a tube is proportional to the ΔP & inversely related to R, change in pressure
POISEUILLES LAW |
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Poiseuilles Law
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cardiac output= change in pressure/ (1/(R/\4))
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change in pressure increases
blood flow? |
increase blood flow
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change in pressure decrease
blood flow? |
decrease blood flow
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gradients in body?
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body likes gradients and to magnify gradients and make them big
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flow is increased
change in pressure? resistance |
change in pressure increase
resistance increase |
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decrease resistance
cardiac output? |
decrease cardiac output
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small change in radius causes ____
ex. arterioles in tissue dilate then ____ |
small changes in radius result in large changes in flow b/c resistance can easily change by altering blood vessel diameter
arterioles in tissue dilate->blood flow increases-> systemic pressure is unchanged/falling |
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decrease radius
flow? |
decrease flow
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distensible tube vs rigid tube
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distensible tube like arteries and veins allow tubes to stretch
rigid tube like aqueduct has no give VEINS HAVE GIVE, they stretch |
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increase in change in pressure
radius? |
radius increase
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increase pressure on tubules
does tube stretch? flow? radius? |
tube stretches b/c it has elastic
flow increases increases radius |
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systemic blood pressure (body blood pressure)
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pumping action of heart generates blood flow. pressure results when flow is opposed by resistance
systemic blood pressure is highest in aorta, declines thru pathway to reach no pressure in RA. |
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Two factors affect systemic blood pressue
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how much elastic arteries can stretch
volume forces thru a vessel at one time |
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systolic BP
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120
re exerted by the blood on the blood vessel walls uring ventricular contraction (i.e., peak blood pressure in the aorta) |
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diastolic BP
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80
essure exerted by the blood on the blood vessel walls during ventricular relaxation(i.e., the pressure necessary to open the aortic valve) |
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change in pressure= _x_
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change in pressure= flow x resistance
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Afterload
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pressure that must be over come for ventricles to eject blood
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increase diastolic BP=
afterload? stroke volume? cardiac ouput? |
increase diastolic BP= increase afterload= decrease stroke volume= decrease cardiac ouput
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increase cardiac ouput by SNS (rest)
contractility? systolic BP? |
increase contractility
increasesystolic BP |
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MAP
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mean arterial pressure
pressure that propels the blood to the tissues porportional to work performed by the heart MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 (SBP – DBP) |
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pulse vs pulse pressure
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pulse: stroke volume ejecting blood into arteries
pulse pressure: SBP-DBP, important b/c pressure fluctates with increase and decrease with each heart beat |
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Arterioles
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very important for regulating blood flow
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systole pressure gradient
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Systole pressure is increased in aorta and decreased in arterioles so its moves down the pressure gradient
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diastole pressure gradient
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valve closes so blood cant flow back into heart, walls of aorta spring back to keep blood flowing in heart now aortic pressure decreases to lowest pressure
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increased amount of blood pumped with each beat
blood ejection? pulse pressure? |
increase blood ejection
temporary increase pulse pressure |
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ateriorsclerosis
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increase pulse pressure chronically
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pulsatile
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Blood pressure rises and falls thru body
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pressure at vena cava (end of vessel tree)
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flow is steady and pressure is gone
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GRADIENTS OF BODY
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Blood pressure is the driving force pushing blood thru system (aorta to vena cava) thumbs have arteries but fingers don’t)
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arterial blood pressure
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driving force for blood flow
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map pulse pressure decreases with ____
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increased distance from heart
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map and pulse pressure decreases with ____
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never ending friction btwn blood and vessel wwalls
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diastole or systole last longer?
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diastole lasts longer than systole
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factors aiding increased venous return
decreased? |
muscular pump
respiratory pump smooth muscle around veins heavey resistance exercise |
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horizontal-
vertical- |
h-increased venous return
v-decreased venous return |
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venouse blood pressure
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steady, changes little
cut vein: blood flows evenly out b/c decreased pressure cut artery: spurts blood out |
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venous return respiratory pump
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inhale, increase abdominal pressure, squeeze local veins, force blood to heart
chest pressure decrease, thoracic veins have room to expand and make more blood into RA |
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venous return muscular pump
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contract skeletal muscle, pushes in on vein- increased pressure in vein, blood cant go back b/c closed valve but it can go forward into open valve
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venous return smooth muscle around veins
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SNS constriction of smooth muscle at rest gives incresed venous return
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Diffusion
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move along concentration gradient from high to low concentration
Go from high concentration blood of nutrients and o2 to low concentration of nutrients and o2 in tissues and cells. go from high co2 and waste to low co2 and waste in blood of capillaries |
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4 ways across capillaries
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diffusion
intercellular clefts fenestrations transport |
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diffusion
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lipid soluble molecules, ex respiratory gases, diffuse thru lipid bilayer of teh endothlial cell plasma membranes,. small water soluble solutes, such as amino acids and sugars pass through
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intercellular clefts
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small water soluble solutes, such as amino acids and sugars pass through intercellular clefts
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fenestrations
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small water soluble solutes, such as amino acids and sugars pass through fenestrations
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transported in pinocytic vessicles
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small water soluble solutes, such as amino acids and sugars pass through pincytic vessicles
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livesr capillaries
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very permeable for proteins go thru
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brain
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no permeable for little to go thru
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NFP
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net filtration pressure
all the forces acting on a capillary bed NFP = (HPc – HPif) – (OPc – OPif) NFP can reach equilibrium NFP determines if theres a net positive or net negative of fluid from blood |
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net fluid flow
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circulation going out at arterial ends of capillary beds and into circulation at venous ends
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hydrostatic pressure
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blud pressing agains wall
pushes in capillary: pushes fluid out interstital fluid: pushes fluid into capillary |
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osmotic pressure
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presence of nondiffusible solutes
sucks in capillary: pulls fluid into capillary interstitial: pulls fluid out capillary |
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stroke volume
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amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle during one contraction
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pericardium
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double layered sac enclosing herat and forming its superficial layers, has fibrous and serous layers
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arteriosclerosis
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change in artery leads to decreased elasticity
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anastomosis
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union or joining of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatics
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SL valvesl
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prevent blood return to ventricles after contraction
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AV valve
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prevents backflow into atrium when ventricle is contracting
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peripheral resistance
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measure of the amount of friction encountered by blood as it flows thru blood vessesl
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myocardium
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layer of heart wall composed of cardiac muscle
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atherosclerosis
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early arteriosclerosis
lipid deposits in artery walls |
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fenestrated
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one or more small openings
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cardiac cycle
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sequence of events encompassing one complete contraction and relaxation of atria and ventricles of heart
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systemic circuit
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system of blood vessels that serves gas exchange in body tissues
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tricuspid valve
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right AV valve
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tuncia
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covering/ tissue coat, membrane layer
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blood pressure
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force exerted by blood against a unit area of blood vessel walls; differences in blood pressure between different areas of teh circulation provide the driving force for blood circulation
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vasomotor center (vasomotor tone)
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brain area concerned with regulation of blood vessel resistance
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autoregulation
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the automatic local adjustment of blood flow to a particular body area in response to its current requirments
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purkinje fibers
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modified ventricular muscle fibers of the conduction system of the heart
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diastole
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period of cardiac cycle when either the ventricles or atria are relaxing
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pulmonary circuit
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system of blood vessesl that serves gas exchange in lungs
ex pulmonary arteries, capillaries, veins |
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incompetent valve
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valve which doesnt close properly
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av bundle
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bundle of specialized fibers that conduct impulses from the av node to the rigth and left ventricles
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pulmonary veins
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vessels taht devliver freshly oxygenated blood from the respiratory zones of the lungs to the heart
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arteriole
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small artery
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AV node
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specialized mass of conducting cells loacted at AV junction in heart
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mitral valve
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left av valve
bicupsid |
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atria
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superior chambers of heart
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anastomosis
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union of nerves blood vessels lymphatics
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sympathetic (vasomotor) tone
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state of partial vasoconstriction of blood vessels maintained by sympathetic fibers
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pulse
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rythmyic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction, can be felt from oustide body
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vasodilation
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relaxation of smooth muscles of blood vessels, producing dialtion
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diastolic pressure
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arteral blood pressure reached during or as result of diastole, lowest level of any given cardiac cycle
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pulmonary arteries
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vessels that deliver blood to the lungs to be oxygenated
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viscocity
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state of being sticky or thick
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nitric oxide
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a gaseous chemical messenger, diverse functions include participation in memory formation in teh brain, and causing vasodilation thru the body
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hypertension
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high blood pressure
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intercalated discs
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specialized connections between myocardial cells containing gap junctions and desmosomes
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SA node
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specialized myocardial cells in teh wall of teh right atrium, pacemaker of the herat
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endocardium
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endothelial membrane that lines the interior of the heart
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systolic pressure
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pressure exerted by blood on the blood vessel walls during ventricular contractions
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cardiac ouput
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amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle in one minute
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vasoconstriction
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narrowing of blood vessels
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systole
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period when either ventricles or teh atria are contracting
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baroreceptor
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a sensory nerve ending in teh wall of teh carotid sinus or aortic arch sensitive to vessel stretching
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stenosis
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abnormal constriction or narrowing
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capillaries
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exchange between blood vessels and tissue cells
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hypotension
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low blood pressure
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hydrostatic pressure
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pressure of fluid in a system
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Parasympathetic:
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flight, slows, calming, rest
fibers decrease heart and respiratory rates, and allow for digestion and the discarding of wastes |
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sympathetic
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fight, increases heart rate
increase heart and respiratory rates, and inhibit digestion and elimination |
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What is the neurotransmitter associated with the parasympathetic (rest) system and the receptor it will bind to in the heart to regulate heart rate? What happens to heart rate when we administer a drug that blocks this neurotransmitter from binding to its receptor (i.e., block Parasympathetic activity)?
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ACETYLCHOLINE: Affectively reduces heart rate when stressful situation has passed. Hyperpolarizes membranes of its effect cells by opening K+ channels. Vagal innervations (nerves from brain to thoracic organs) of the ventricles are sparse, parasympathetic (rest) activity has little or no effect on cardiac contractility.
Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic actelycholine receptors in heart: brings heart back to normal after actions of sympathetic fight nervous system: slow heart rate, reduce contractile forces of atrial cardiac muscle, reduce conducting velocity of SA node and AV node. Remember: minimal effect on contractile forces of ventricular muscle due to sparse innervations of ventricles from parasympathetic (rest) NS. If we block acetylcholine from binding to its receptor (aka block parasympathetic activity) we will increase heart rate. Example drug: atropine. Atropine increases firing of the sinoatrial node (SA) and conduction through the atrioventricular node (AV) of the heart, opposes the actions of the vagus nerve (overrides brains regulation of the heart by the vagus nerve) blocks acetylcholine receptor sites In general, atropine lowers the parasympathetic activity of all muscles and glands regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system. This occurs because atropine is a competitive antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (acetylcholine being the main neurotransmitter used by the parasympathetic nervous system). |
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Cletus plans to start exercising. When he starts exercising his heart rate will increase. The increase in heart rate is due to parasympathetic (rest) with drawl and increased sympathetic fight activity. What is the neurotransmitter secreted by the sympathetic fight neurons and the name of the adrenergic receptor it bind to? How does the sympathetic fight nervous system increase heart rate? How will this increase heart rate affect ventricular filling time?
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Sympathetic fight nervous system is activated by emotion or physical stressors (ex. Fright, anxiety, exercise) – sympathetic fight nerve fibers release norepinephrine at their cardiac synapses.
Norepinephrine binds to b1 adrenergic receptors in the heart, causing threshold to be reached more quickly. Resulting in pacemaker firing more rapidly and the heart responds by beating faster. Increases heart rate. Sympathetic fight enhances contractility and speeds relaxation by enchancing ca2+ movements in contractile cells. end systolic volume falls as a result of this increased contractility, so systolic volume doesn’t decline, as it would only if heart rate increased. (when heart beats faster, less time for ventricular filling so lower end diastolic volume) Beta blockers- attach mainly to b1 receptors and reduce heart rate and prevent arrythmias |
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During exercise the rhythmic contraction/relaxation of skeletal muscle will enhance venous blood returning to the heart. What effect will this have on stroke volume? Why?
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An increase in volume or speed of venous return will increase preload and through the frank starling law of the heart, will increase stroke volume. Decreased venous retrun has the opposite effects, causing reductioin of stroke volume.
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What factors will contribute to the increased cardiac contractility during exercise?
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bloodborne epinephrine
thyroxine excess ca2+ |
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Beta-1 adrenergic receptor blocker
Where in the body does each medication act? How will these medications help his hypertension? |
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor blocker: receptor b1- norepinephrine. Action: heart muscle contraction. Increase heart rate in SA node, increase atrial cardiac muscle contractility, increase contractility and automaticity of ventricular cardiac muscle, increase conduction and automaticity of AV node
Beta blockers lower heart rate, the amount of blood the heart pumps out, and the forces of the heart beat, which all lower BP |
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Nitric Oxide supplement.
Where in the body does each medication act? How will these medications help his hypertension? |
Nitric Oxide supplement: the endothelium (inner lining) of blood vessels uses nitric oxide to signal surrounding smooth muscle to relasx, results in vasodialation and increased blood flow. Potent vasodialator, direct
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Which medication has a relationship to Poiseuill’s Law?
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Nitric oxide supplement
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A typical resting blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg. When we assess blood pressure using the sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) in the arm, we assume that this pressure reflects pressures in the aorta during systole (SBP) and diastole (DBP).What is the functional significance of DBP (as discussed in class)?
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When your heart is resting. Measures the pressure when your heart is between beats.
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A typical resting blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg. When we assess blood pressure using the sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) in the arm, we assume that this pressure reflects pressures in the aorta during systole (SBP) and diastole (DBP).Calculate pulse pressure? Mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
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Pulse pressure equals systolic blood pressure – diastolic blood pressure
Mean arterial pressure: pressure that propels the blood to the tissues, proportional to work performed by the heart MAP= diastolic pressure + [pulse pressure (*systolic blood pressure-diastolic blood pressure*)]/3 |
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A typical resting blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg. When we assess blood pressure using the sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) in the arm, we assume that this pressure reflects pressures in the aorta during systole (SBP) and diastole (DBP).If DBP increases to 100 mmHg, how will this affect Q? Why?
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Increase in flow (Q)
80+120-80/3=103.3 180+120-180/3=160 |
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At rest Sally has a heart rate of 70 bpm, an end systolic volume of (ESV) of 50 mL, and an end
diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL of blood. What is Sally’s stroke volume in mL? |
Stroke volume=end diastolic volume- end systolic volume
Stroke volume= 120 mL- 50 mL=70 mL |
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At rest Sally has a heart rate of 70 bpm, an end systolic volume of (ESV) of 50 mL, and an end
diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL of blood. Calculate Sally’s Q in L/min. |
Q= stroke volume x heart rate
Cardiac output (Q )=.07 L x 70 bpm= 4.9 L/min |
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At rest Sally has a heart rate of 70 bpm, an end systolic volume of (ESV) of 50 mL, and an end
diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL of blood. What is her Ejection fraction (%EF)? |
Ejection fraction (EF)= (stroke volume/ end diastolic volume) x 100%
(70mL/120mL)x100%=58.33% ejection fraction |
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At rest Sally has a heart rate of 70 bpm, an end systolic volume of (ESV) of 50 mL, and an end
diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL of blood. Based on her ejection fraction, is her heart functioning normally? |
yes, 50-70 % is normal
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At rest Sally has a heart rate of 70 bpm, an end systolic volume of (ESV) of 50 mL, and an end
diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL of blood. During exercise Sally increases her heart rate to 150 bpm and her Q to 15 L/min.What is her stroke volume in mL? If her ESV = 40, then calculate her EDV and %EF. |
Stroke volume = EDV – 40 mL (ESV)
100mL=X – 40 mL X = 140 mL EDV EF= (stroke volume/EDV)x100%= EF=(100mL/140mL)x100%=71% 15L/min (Q) = stroke volume x 150 bpm (HR) 15/150=.1L Stroke volume= .1L 100mL |
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does EF increase or decrease with exercise? why?
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increases with exercise.
In cardiovascular physiology, ejection fraction (Ef) is the fraction of blood pumped out of ventricles with each heart beat. Exercise increases heart beats, therefore increasing ejection fraction. |
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getting swole on while exercising
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extra h20 in extracellular space (temporarily)- more fluid enters tissues spaces than is returned to blood, we lose fluid from circulation. This fluid and leak proteins are picked up by lymp system and takent o vascular system. without lymp system, we would lose all plasma b/c it wouldn’t be returned.
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capillary and interstitial space exchange
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Theres always fluid exchange between capillary and interstitial space, relieving pressure- pressure inside is greater than pressure outside (garden hose)
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proteins in cardiovascular system?
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Proteins exist is cardiovascular system: they are big polar molecular that attract H20 and exert up
Draw h20 back into system, but we don’t recover all h20 that’s lost, that’s why we have a backup lymph system |
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The main factors influencing blood pressure are:
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Cardiac output (Q): blood flow of entire circulation
Peripheral resistance (R) Blood volume (increased blood pressure=increased blood volume) |
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blood pressure equation
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Blood pressure = Q x R
Blood pressure varies directly with Q, R, and blood volume |
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vasotone
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radius, arterioles are almost always in a state of moderate constriction
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plasma volume
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blood volume
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Increase in cardiac output
systolic bp? |
increase in systolic blood pressure
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Regulating radius of blood pressure
resistance? |
regulating resistance
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Sympathetic
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increased heart rate by SA node, increase stroke volume
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