Chapter 2-Measurement What And How To Define

(rate)

- how often a behaviour occurs in a specified period of time

2. #/% of correct responses made by the participant

4. Latency- amount of time between the presentation of a stimulus and the initiation of the target behaviour..

- severity, strength of the target behaviour

-used when there are tangible items resulting directly from a particular behaviour

- eg. determining the number of math problems a student completed

(+)

- convenient

- minimally disruptive

- does not require direct observation

(-)

- does not provide info regarding how the product was actually produced

- limited to those behaviours that result in tangible items

- recording of data in real time or as it's actually occurring

-one or more onlookers participate in data recording

- provides accurate information regarding the actual occurrence or non occurrence of the target behaviour vs. the perceived occurrence

2. how long each observation period will last

3.when the observation periods should be conducted

4. how the target behaviour will be coded

EVENT

- document the exact number of occurrences and non occurrences of a particular behaviour hat are observed

- best suited for behaviours that have a clear beginning and end

+

- simple to use/ summarize

- provides for direct assessment of participants performance

(-)

- not well suited for behaviours that occur at extremely high rates or occur over long periods of time

-record length of time each occurrence of the target behaviour

eg. amount of time it takes a student to get ready for school

- can be converted into an average duration if the behaviour occurs regularly

- measurement focuses on the DURATION of the interval between 2 events

-used to determine the length of time between a stimulus (such as a request) and a behaviour (response)

interval- record frequency of a behaviour occurrence or non occurrence

-results in an estimate of the duration or frequency of the target behaviour rather than the exact amount of time the behaviour occurs/ or the number of occurrences of the target behaviour as measured by event recording

- behaviour only marked as occurring if it is exhibited during the entire interval

- can result in underestimate of the behaviour

- behaviour is marked as occurring if it is observed at any time or multiple times during the interval

- can result in over estimate of the behaviour

-variation of interval recording that does NOT require continuous observation

-obs period still divided into equal intervals

-used to estimate a behaviour's frequency or duration of occurrence/ non occurrence

- Moment in time when the interval switches

-requires observation only at specified times

- easier to use than interval recording and can be used simultaneously engaged in another task since attn is only required at specific moment

- used to track a target bx across multiple individuals

- used to determine the quality of measurement procedures used by a researcher

- if the increase in confidence that the researcher has in the OP def of the behaviour

- IOA can be conducted by having 1 observer record the data on 2 separate occasions or having 2 observers

- divide number of agreements on each observation and multiply by 100

- divide the lower frequency count of 1st observer by the higher frequency count of the 2nd observer and x100

- the shorter the length of time recorded by obs 1 is divided by the longer length of time recorded by obs 2. x100

- point by point

- used when calculating IOA for discrete behaviours in which the observer is coding the nature of the participants response

eg. whether participant read sign + words correctly

(Agreements/ agreements+Disagreements) x100

- calculating IOA for interval/ time sampling based on point by point IOA procedure

# of intervals observers agree bx occur/ Total # of intervals (agreements + Dis)

- more rigorous method of agreement

- eg. if low frequency behaviour occurs 3x/100 possible intervals and 2 observers each record 3 instances but not as occurring in the same in serval, would still have HIGH IOA despite disagreement on when it occurred

-

- should collect IOA during 20-33% of observations/ intervention sessions

- IOA collected during each phase (baseline, intervention)

- randomly selected when possible

- minimum standard is mean of 80/85% across all observations, should strive for 90-100%

1. Lack of clarity in the operational definition of target behaviour.

2. observer drift- op defn of target bx is modified over time in observers

3. complexity of the data coding system may be potential source of error

4. presence of the 2nd observer when data being collected- may cause observer to attend more closely

- clear demonstration of experimental control by the IV

1 develop comprehensive operational definition of the IV "task analysis" of the intervention

2. Individuals implementing intervention should be evaluated on the extent to which their implementation of intervention matches the op defn

3. Researcher needs to collect sufficient amount of trtmt fidelity data to obtain a representative sample of all intervention sessions

- treatment fidelity be obtained for a min of 25%

- determine whether the intervention outcomes were considered socially important and made a difference in the lives of the individuals receiving intervention

- subjective reports by clients who were directly impacted by the intervention

- obtain perceptions on importance, acceptability and sustainability

- compare the performance of clients to other individuals who represent typical performance in particular setting