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93 Cards in this Set
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Origin that moves the muscle. Primary function of the nervous system |
The brain |
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Neurons that detect changes in external and internal enviroments and sends info about these changes to the central nervous system. |
Sensory neurons |
Light, sound, odor, taste, and contact |
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Neurons located within the central nervous system that controls the contractions of muscle of the secreation of a gland |
Motor neurons |
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A neuron located entirely within the central nervous system |
Interneurons |
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Form circuits with nearby neurons and analyse small pieces of the brain with those in other regions |
Local interneurons |
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Connect circuits of local interneurons in one region of the brain with those in other regions. |
Relay Interneurons |
Perceiving, learning, remembering, deciding, and controlling complex behavior. |
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The brain and the spinal cord. |
Central nervous system (cns) |
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Found outside these bones and consist of nerves and moat of sensory organs |
Peripheral nervous system (pns) |
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Nerve cells that info processing and info transmitting elements of the nervous systen. |
Neurons |
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What are the 4 structures of region for a neuron |
Soma Dendrites Axon Terminal button |
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The cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus |
Soma |
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A branched, treelike structure attached to the soma of a neuron, receives info from the terminal buttons of another neurons |
Dendrities |
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Junction between the terminal button of an axon and the membrane of another neuron |
Synapse |
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The long, thin, cylindrical structure that convey info from the soma of a neuron to its terminal buttons. |
Axons |
Carries basic message aka action potential |
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A neuron with 1 axon and 1 dendrites attached to its soma |
Bipolar neuron |
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A neuron with 1 axon and many dendrities attached to its soma |
Multipolar neuron |
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A neuron with 1 axon attached to its soma, tha axon divides, with 1 branch receiving sensory info and the other sending the info into the chemical nervous system. |
Unipolar neurons |
Detect events in our joints, muscles, and interal organs. |
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The butt at the end of a branch of an axon, form synapses, with another neuron, sends info to that neuron. |
Terminal buttons |
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Has a excitatory and inhibitory effect on another neuron |
Neurotransmitter |
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Structure consisting principally of lipid molecules that define the outer boundaries of a cell and also constitutes many of cell organelles |
Membrane |
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The viscous, semiliquid substance contained in the interior of a cell |
Cytoplasm |
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An organelle that is responsible for extracting energy from nutrients |
Mitochondria |
Breaks down nutrients such as glucose and provide cell with energy |
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What does mitrochondria produces? |
Adenosine triphosphate (Atp) |
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A molecule of prime importance to cellular energy metabolism, its breakdown liberates energy |
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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A structure in the central region of a cell, containing the chromosome |
Nucleus |
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A strand of DNA, with associated proteins, found in the nucleus, carries genetic information |
Chromosome |
Important function: recipes for making proteins |
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A long, complex macromolecule consisting of 2 interconnected jelical strains of DNA constitute the chromosome |
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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The functional unit of the chromosome, which directs synthesis of 1 or more protein |
Gene |
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Support structure formed of microtubles and other protein fibers that are linked to each other and form a cohesive mass that gives a cell shape. |
Cytoskeleton |
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A molecule that controls a chemical reaction, combining 2 substance or breaking a substance into 2 parts |
Enzymes |
Causes molecules to join together or split apart |
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An active process by which substance are propelled along microtubules that run the length of the axon |
Axoplasmic transort |
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Long strands of bundles of protein filaments arrange around a hollow core, part of the cytoskeleton and involved in transporting substance from place to place with in the cell. |
Microtubules |
Serves as a railroad track, guiding substances that are being transported |
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Movement from the soma to the terminal buttons . "towards the front" |
Anterograde Axoplasmic transport |
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Carries substance from the terminal buttons back to the soma |
Retrograde axoplasmic transport |
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The supporting cells of the central nervous system. Most important. Constitutes 85% of the cells of the brain. Glues the CNS together. Surronds neurons and hold them in place controlling their supplies of nutrient. |
Gila |
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What are the 3 types of Gila Cells |
Astrocyte Oligodendrocytes Microgila |
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A gila cell that provides support 4 neurons of the CNS, provides nutrients and other substance, and regulates the chemical composition of the extra cellular fluid |
Astrocyte |
Star shape. Clean up debris within the brain. Arms of cells wrapped around blood vessels |
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The process by which cells engulf and digest other cells or debris caused by cellular degeneration |
Phagocytosis |
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A type of gila cell in the CNS that forms myelin sheaths |
Oligodendrocytes |
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A sheath that surronds axonsthat insulates them, preventing messages from spreading between adjacent axons |
Myelin sheaths |
80% lipid and 20% protein |
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A naked portion of a myelin axon, between adjacent oligobemdrogloa or schwann cells |
Node of ranvier |
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The smallest of the gial cell,they act as phagocytes and protect thw brain from invading microorganisms |
Microglia |
Primary responsible for the inflammatory reaction response to brain damage |
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A cell in the peripheral nervous system that is wrapped around a myelinated axon, providing one segment of its myelin sheath |
Schwann cells |
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A semi-permeable barrier between the blood and the brain produced by the cells in the walls of the brain's capillaries |
The blood-brain barrier |
Makes it easier to regulate the composition of this fluid. Prevents chemicals from the food we eat from reaching our brain |
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Region of the brain where the blood-brain barrierbis weak, can cause vomiting and posions can be detected here |
Area postrema |
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Transduce enviromental energy into electric signal. Takes outside energy and translate it to something we can process |
Receptor neurons |
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Conduct info into the NS and process it |
Sensory/Afferent neurons(PNS-CNS) Motor/ efferent neurons(CNS-CNS) Internerons (CNS-CNS) *COMMUNICATES WITHIN |
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Info conducted back to effectors: muscles(striated, smooth. Cardiac), glands ( exocrine, endocrine) |
Motor / Efferent neurons |
It takes information process information and sends it back out to cause change in body based on feedback |
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What is the structural unit of thr NS |
Cytology |
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How do the cells conduct and process information? |
Physiology |
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How are the cells organized into systems? |
Anatomy |
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Connectiom between neurons, between neurons and muscles or neurons and glands |
Synapses |
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What are the structual untis of NS |
10(11) neurons 10(14) synapses |
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Cell body, contain the cellbnucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells. Internal organelles to make the cell function. |
Soma |
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Parts od thr neuron that are specialized to receive information. Info comes though and processed through cell body. |
Dendrites |
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Long, thing fiber that trasmit signals away from the soma to other neurons or to the muscle or glands. Info comes through dendrites and passed through to whatever the target is. |
Axon |
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Insulating material that encases some axons to speed trasmission of signals. |
Myelin sheath |
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Gaps in myelin sheath that facilitate conduction of electrical impulses. Booster station, if we didnt have them signal would decay overtime and wouldnt be a potent signal |
Node of ranvier |
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End of axon thatvis usually near other neurons or muscles |
Terminal arborizations |
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Small knobs that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters (or nerve chemicals) |
Terminal buttons |
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A junction where info is transmitted from 1 neuron to another |
Synapse |
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Space where neuron with migrate across |
Synapse clift |
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Neurons can be classified according to : |
Number of axon processes. Function. Neurotransmitter used by neurons Effect of NT (excite something or turn it off) |
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One stalk that splits unto 2 branches |
Unipolar |
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One axon, one dendrites tree |
Multipolar |
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One axon, many dendritic branches |
Mulitpolar |
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What are the effects of NT |
Excite something or turn it off. Aka: excitatory vs. Inhibitory |
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Surronds the neuron. Made of phospholipid bilayer. Defines boundary of cells. |
Membrane |
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What are the 4 specialized proteins embedded in the membrane. |
Receptor proteins Signal proteins Channel proteins Transport proteins |
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Hydrophilic head (phosphate) with hydrophobic tails (fatty acid). |
Phospholipid bilayer |
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Proteins that are embedded in a membrane |
Enzymes Receptors Ion channels Pumps |
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End in "ase" Catalyzes reactions Rate limiting Role is high specificity =very particular molecules will interacg with this receptors. Ex: lock n key |
Enzymes |
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High specificity to certain classes of molecules. High affinity-readily binds |
Receptors |
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2 types Resting ( open all the time) Gated ( open and closes) |
Ion channels |
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Uses energy |
Pumps |
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Encodes and granscribes mRNA Contains chromosomes (long strand of DNA. Portions called genes) |
Nucleus |
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Extracts energy from nutrients Produces ATP (consumes food and breaks it down) |
Mitochondria |
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One strand of DNA double helox is used as a temple by the RNA polymerase to synthesize a messanger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA migrates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm |
Transcription |
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The ribsome binds to the mRNA. Amino acid linled to transfer RNA (tRNA), sequentially bind appropriately mRNA by fprming complementary base pairs with the tRNA. The ribsome mobes along the mRNA adding amino acid until the new protein is formed. |
Translation |
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System of tubes for transport of material within cytoplasm. Can have ribsomes (rough ER) or no ribsomes (smooth ER) . With ribosomes, the ER is important for protein synthesis |
Endoplasmic reticulum |
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Membrane-bound structure important in packaging peptides and proteins into vesicles Aka: packaging warehouse |
Golgi apparatus |
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System of transport for materials within a neuron. Very important 4 health of cell and functioning of cell. Protein issue can cause altimzers |
Microtubules |
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Supporting cells of nervous system. Allows neurons to do what it does |
Gila |
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5 types of Gila supporting cells |
Astrocyte Oligodendrocyte Schwann cell Microglia Ependymal cells |
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Provides physical support Provides nutrients and other substance to neurons. Regulates the chemical composition of the extracellular fluid. Phagocytosis |
Astrocyte |
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Process which cells engulf and digest cells after cellular degeneration. Afterwards, form scar tissue in vacent area |
Phagocytosis |
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Forms myelin sheath in CNS |
Oligodendrocyte |
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Forms myelin sheath in PNS Neuronal regeneration in the PNS Provides nutrition for PNS neurons |
Schwann Cell |
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2 types of glial cells |
Microglia Ependymal cell |
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Phagocytosis Immune function |
Microglia glial cell |
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Line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord |
Ependymal cell glial cells |
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A semi-permeable barrier produced barrier by cells in the walls of the capillaries in the brain. Tightly joined with no gaps, unlike capillaries in other regions of the body. |
Blood brain barrier |
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Injected blue dye into animals bloodstream. All tissues of the brain and spinal cord will turn blue. Inject blue dye into animals ventricles of the brain. Only CNS turns blue |
Paul ehrlich |
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