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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Consciousness
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our awareness of ourselves and our environment
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Dual processing
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The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
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Selective attention
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the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
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Inattentional blindness
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Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
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Change blindness
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failing to notice changes in the environment
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Failure to see visible objects when our attention is occupied elsewhere is called
(a) parallel processing (b) awareness unconsciousness (c) inattentional blindness (d) subconscious processing |
(c) inattentional blindness
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We register and react to stimuli outside of our awareness by means of _____________ processing. When we devote full conscious attention to stimuli, we use _____________ processing.
(a) parallel; serial (b) serial; parallel (c) selective; complete (d) complete; selective |
(a) parallel; serial
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Circadian rhythm
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The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.
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REM sleep
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Rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.
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Alpha waves
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the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
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sleep
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periodic, natural loss of consciousness---as a distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation (Adapted from Dement, 1999.)
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Hallucinations
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False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
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Delta waves
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the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.
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Insomnia
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recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
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Narcolepsy
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a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The suffere may lapse directly in REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
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Sleep apnea
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a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.
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Night terrors
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a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.
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Our body temperature tends to rise and fall in sync with a biological clock, which is referred to as
(a) the circadian rhythm. (b) narcolepsy (c) REM sleep (d) hypnagogic sensations |
(a) the circadian rhythm
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During Stage 1 light sleep, a person is most likely to experience
(a) sleep spindles (b) hallucinations (c) night terrors or nightmares (d) rapid eye movements |
(b) hallucinations
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The brain emits large, slow delta waves during the deepest stage of sleep, called
(a) stage 2 (b) stage 4 (c) REM sleep (d) paradoxical sleep |
(b) stage 4
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During sleep we pass through a cycle of five stages, each with characteristic brain waves. As the night progresses, the REM stage
(a) gradually disappears (b) becomes briefer and briefer (c) remains about the same (d) becomes progressively longer |
(d) becomes progressively longer
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Which of the following is NOT one of the theories that have been proposed to explain why we need sleep?
(a) Sleep has survival value (b) Sleep helps us recuperate (c) Sleep rests the eyes (d) Sleep plays a role in the growth process. |
(c) Sleep rests the eyes
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Two sleep disorders are narcolepsy and sleep apnea. With narcolepsy, the person ___________; with sleep apnea, the person ____________.
(a) has persistent problems falling sleep; experiences a doubling of the heart and breathing rates (b) experiences a doubling of heart and breathing rates; has persistent problems falling sleep (c) intermittently stops breathing; suffers periodic, overwhelming sleepiness (d) suffers periodic, overwhelming sleepiness; intermittently stops breathing |
(d) suffers periodic, overwhelming sleepiness; intermittently stops breathing
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Dream
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a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.
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Manifest content
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according to Frued, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)
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Latent content
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according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)
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Dream Theory: Freud's wish-fulfillment
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Dreams provide a "psychic safely valve"---expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest (remembered) content and a deeper layer of latent content---a hidden meaning.
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Dream Theory: Information-processing
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Dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories
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Dream Theory: Physiological function
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Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways
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Dream Theory: Activation-synthesis
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REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories.
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Dream Theory: Cognitive development
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Dream content reflects dreamers' cognitive development---their knowledge and understanding.
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REM rebound
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the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).
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Hypnosis
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a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
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Posthypnotic suggestion
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a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.
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Psychoactive drug
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a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.
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Tolerance
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the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take a larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect
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Withdrawal
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The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
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Physical dependence
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a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
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Psychological dependence
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a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.
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Addiction
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compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences
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Depressants
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drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.
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Opiates
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Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.
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Stimulants
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drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and the even more powerful cocaine, Ecstasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
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Hallucinogens
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Psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
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Near-death experience
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An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.
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Continued use of a psychoactive drug produces tolerance. This usually means that the user will
(a) feel physical pain and intense craving (b) be irreversibly addicted to the substance (c) need to take larger doses to get the desired effect (d) be able to take smaller doses to get the desired effect |
(c) need to take larger doses to get the desired effect
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The depressants include alcohol, barbiturates,
(a) and opiates (b) cocaine, and morphine (c) caffeine, nicotine, and marijuana (d) and amphetamines |
(a) and opiates
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Because alcohol __________, it may make a person more helpful or aggressive
(a) causes alcoholic blackouts (b) destroys REM sleep (c) produces hallucinations (d) lowers inhibitions |
(d) lowers inhibitions
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Nicotine and cocaine stimulate neural activity, speed up body functions, and
(a) induce sensory hallucinations (b) interfere with memory (c) induce a temporary sense of well-being (d) lead to herion use |
(c) induce a temporary sense of well-being
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Long-term use of Ecstasy can
(a) depress sympathetic nervous system activity (b) deplete the brain's supply of epinephrine (c) deplete the brain's supply of dopamine (d) damage serotonin-producing neurons |
(d) damage serotonin-producing neurons
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Near-death experiences are strikingly similar to the hallucinations evoked by
(a) heroin (b) cocaine (c) LSD (d) alcohol |
(c) LSD
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Use of marijuana
(a) impairs motor coordination, perception, and reaction time, and memory (b) inhibits people's emotions (c) leads to dehydration and overheating (d) stimulates brain cell development |
(a) impairs motor coordination, perception, and reaction time, and memory.
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Social-cultural explanations for drug use often focus on the effect of peer influence. An important psychological contributor to drug use is
(a) inflated self-esteem (b) the feeling that life is meaningless (c) genetic predispositions (d) overprotective parents |
(b) the feeling that life is meaningless
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