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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Urea |
A nitrogen containing waste product |
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Amino acids |
The building blocks of protein are bonded through the peptide bonds |
Building blocks/peptide |
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Disaccharides |
Sucrose, Maltese, and lactose, called double sugars |
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Glycogen |
Glucose is stored as this polysaccharide, also called animal starch |
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Polysaccharide |
Classification of starch |
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Cellouse |
Nondigestable polysaccharide found in plants |
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Lipids |
Classification of triglycerides and steriods |
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Essential amino acids |
These amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must therefore be injested in the diet |
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Nonessential amino acids |
Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body |
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Anabolism |
A series of chemical reactions that build larger, more complex substances |
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Peptide bond |
The amine group of value joins with the acid part of phenylalanine to form this |
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Glycolysis |
This series of anaerobic reactions occurs within the cytoplasm |
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Lactic acid |
A consequence of the anaerobic metabolism of glucose |
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Enzyme |
A catalyst |
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Ketone bonds |
The rapid and incomplete breakdown of fatty acids yields these |
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Co2, water, and atp |
The end products of the aerobic catabolism of glucose |
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Kerbs cycle |
Series of aerobic chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria |
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ATP |
The energy transfer molecule |
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Carbohydrates |
Composed of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides |
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Glucose |
Most important monosaccharide os glucose used on synthesis of DNA and rna |
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Disaccharides |
Are double sugars broken down into monosaccharides |
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Glycogen |
Is a polysaccharide. It is the storage form of glucose. Glycogen is stored primarily in the liver and skeletal muscle |
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Glucose anaerobically and aerobically |
*Anaerobically, glucose is incompletely broken down ( glycolysis) into lactic acid and small amounts of ATP *Aerobically, glucose is broken down completely ( glycolysis and citric avid cycle) into c02 and H2O and large amounts of energy (ATP) |
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Can be synthesized from nonglucose substances |
Glucose |
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Lipids |
*Are triglycerides, polysaccharides, and steriods *A primary source of energy and a synthesis of membranes |
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How are lipids broken down? |
*The long fatty acid chains are broken down into carbon units in the cytoplasm * The small units are fed into the mitochondria where enzymes of the citric acid cycle help to catabolize them completely to CO2 and H2O, releasing large amounts of energy |
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Where can lipids be stored? |
Lipids can be stored in adipose tissue as fat |
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What is protein composed of? |
A series of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds in a specific sequence |
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How are proteins primarily used? |
In the synthesis of hormones, enzymes, antibodies, plasma proteins, muscle proteins, hemoglobin, and cell membranes. Proteins are also used as fuel and raw materials for the making of glucose |
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How is protein metabolized? |
In a similar manner to glucose. There is special handling of nitrogen by the urea cycle |
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Deoxyribonuclecic acid |
DNA is the blue print of life |
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What is stored in the DNA? |
Information concerning protein synthesis ( a series of genes forms a chromosome) |
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A nucleotide |
Composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a base. For DNA the sugar is dexoyribose and the bases are adenine, rhyming, cytosine, and guanine |
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How is DNA linked |
Each strand of DNA is linked according to base pairings ( adenine links with thymine, cytosine links with guanine) |
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Where is the genetic code stored? |
The genetic code is stored within the sequence of three bases along a strand of DNA |
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Ribonucleic acid |
Similar structure to DNA *Differences: the sugar is ribose *Single stranded *The bases are: adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine |
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Two forms of RNA |
*Messager RNA: mRNA *Transfer RNA: tRNA |
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Transcription |
The genetic code of DNA us transferred to RNA |
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How does RNA transfer the genetic code? |
RNA transfers the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
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RNA translation |
The genetic code of the mRNA is read by the tRNA (attached to individual amino acids in the cytoplasm) |
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A peptide bond between each amino acid: |
Is formed as the peptide chain grows along the ribosome. Then the chain is terminated |
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Protein synthesis 5 steps: |
*Transcription *RNA transfers the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm *Translation *A peptide bond between each amino acid I'd formed as the peptide chain grows along the ribosome *The protein chain is terminated |
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