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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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learning
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The process by which experience or practice results in relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior.
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memory
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The ability to remember the things that we have experienced, imagined, and learned.
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classical (or Pavlovian) conditioning
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The type of learning in which a response naturally elicited by one stimulus comes to be elicited by a different, formerly neutral stimulus.
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uncondition stimulus (US)
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A Stimulus that invariably causes an organism to respond in a specific way.
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uncondition response (UR)
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A response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs.
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conditioned stimulus (CS)
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An originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone.
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conditioned response (CR)
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After conditioning, the response an organism produces whena conditioned stimulus is presented.
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desensitization therapy
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A conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation.
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preparedness
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A biological readiness to learn certain associated because of their survival advantages.
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condtioned taste aversion
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Learned revulsion of certain foods because they have been associated with subsequent nausea; based on classical conditioning, conditioned teste aversions are acquired very quickly, sometimes in only one trial.
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operant (or instrumental) conditioning
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The type of learning in which behaviors are emitted (in the presence of specific stimuli) to earn rewards or avoid punishments.
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operant behavior
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Behavior designed to operate on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant.
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reinforcer
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A stimulus that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.
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punisher
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A stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.
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law of effect
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Thorndike's theory that behavior consistently rewarded will be "stamped in" as learned hehavior, and behavior that brings about discomfort will be "stamped out".
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principle of reinforcement
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Same as law of effect.
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Skinner box
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A box often used in operant conditioning of animals; it limits the available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur.
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shaping
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Reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior.
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positive reinforcer
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Any event whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur.
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negative reinforcer
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Any even whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur.
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primary reinforcer
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A reinforcer that is rewarding in itself, such as food, water and sex.
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secondary reinforcer
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A reinforcer whose value is acquired through association with other primary or secondary reinforcers.
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punishment
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Any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur.
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learned helplessness
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Failure to take steps to avoid or escape from an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to unavoidable painful stimuli.
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contingency
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A reliable "if-then" relationship between two events, such as CS and a US.
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schedule of reinforcement
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In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often reinforcers will be delivered.
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fixed-interval schedule
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A reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after a fixed length of time since the last reinforcement.
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variable-interval schedule
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A reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after varying lengths of time following the last reinforcement.
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fixed-ratio schedule
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A reinforcement schedule in which the corect response is reinforced after a fixed number of correct responses.
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variable-ratio schedule
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A reinforcement schedule in which a varying number of correct responses must occur before reinforcement is presented.
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extinction
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A decrease in the strength or frequency, or stopping, or a learned response because of failure to continue pairing the US and CS (classical conditioning) or withholding of reinforcement (operant conditioning).
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spontaneous recovery
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The reappearance of an extinguished response after the passage of time, without training.
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stimulus control
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Control of conditined responses by cues or stimuli in the environment.
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stimulus generalization
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The transfer of a learned response to different but similar stimuli.
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stimulus discrimination
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Learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit the response to all other stimuli.
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response generalization
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Giving a response that is somewhat different from the response orginally learned to that stimulus.
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cognitive learning
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Learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable.
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latent learning
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Learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change.
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cognitive map
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A learned mental image of spatial environment that may be called on to solve problems when stimuli in the environment change.
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insight
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Learning that occurs rapidly as a result of understanding all the elements of a problem.
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learning set
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The ability to become increasingly more effective in solving problems as more problems are solved.
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observational (or vicarious) learning
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Learning by observing other people's behavior.
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social learning theorists
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Psychologists whose view of learning emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without firsthand experience by the learner.
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information-processing model
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A computerlike model used to describe the way humans encode, store and retrieve information.
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sensory registers
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Entry points in memory for raw information from the senses.
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attention
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The selection of some incoming information for further processing in memory.
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short-term memory (STM)
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Working memory; briefly stores and processes selected information from the sensory registers.
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chunking
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The grouping of information into meaningful units for easier handling by short-term memory.
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rote rehearsal
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Retaining information in memory simply by repeating it over and over.
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long-term memory (LTM)
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The portion of memory that is more or less permanent, corresponding to everything we "know".
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serial position effect
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The finding that, when asked to recall a list of unrelated items, performance is better for the items at the beginning and end of the list than for items in the middle.
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elaborative rehearsal
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The linking of new information in short-term memory to familiar material stored in long-term memory.
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mnemonics
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Techniques that make material easier to remember.
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schema
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(plural: schemata) A set of beliefs or expectations about something that is based on past experience.
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episodic memory
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The portion of long-term memory that stores personally experienced events.
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semantic memory
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The portion of long term memory that stores general facts and information.
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procedural memory
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The portion of long term memory that stores information relating to skills, habits, and other perceptual-motor tasks.
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emotional memory
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Learning emotional responses to various stimuli.
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explicit memory
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Memory for information that we can readily express in words and are aware of having; these memories can beintentionally retrieved from memory.
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implicit memory
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Memory for information that we cannot readily express in words and may not be aware of having; these memories cannot be intentionally retrieved from memory.
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long-term potentiation (LTP)
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A long-lasting change in the structure of function of a synapse that increases the efficiency of neural transmission and is thought to be related to how information is stored by neurons.
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childhood amnesia
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The difficulty adults have remembering experiences from their first two years of life.
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decay theory
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A theory that argues that the passage of time causes forgetting.
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retrograde amnesia
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The inability to recall events preceding an accident or injury, but without loss of earlier memory.
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retroactive interference
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The process by which new information interferes with information already in memory.
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proactive interference
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The process by which information already in memory interferes with new information.
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state-dependent memory
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The finding that people who learn material in a particular physiological state tend to recall the material better if they return to the same state they were in during learning.
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