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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Vestibular functions can be assessed by assessing a patient's reaction to... |
cold water flushed in the ear |
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The ironic case of Professor P makes the point that... |
many research methods of biopsychology are used in clinical settings
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Which contrast x-ray technique is designed to locate vascular abnormalities in the brains of human patients? |
cerebral Angiography |
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Which of the following is a contrast x-ray technique? |
angiography |
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A computed tomography (CT) scan of the human brain is usually presented as a series of eight or nine... |
Horizontal sections |
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Which technique is illustrated here? [check out pic] |
computed tomography |
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Which of the following procedures is not an adaptation of xray photography? |
MRI |
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Which of the following provides the most detailed three-dimensional view of the structure of the living human brain? |
MRI |
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Positron emission tomography is a valuable research tool because it... |
provides an image of brain function |
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A patient is sometimes injected with radioactive 2-deoxyglucose before... |
positron emission tomography |
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The reason why radioactive 2-DG is useful for revealing the level of activity of neurons in different parts of the brain is that 2-DG... |
-is absorbed by neurons in relation to their level of activity -is not metabolized by neurons (BOTH) |
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Functional MRI generates images of increases to areas of the brain of... |
oxygenated blood flow |
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Which technique records the BOLD signal? |
MRI |
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Functional MRI requires the injection of radioactive... |
-water -glucose -2-DG -oxygen (None of the above) |
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Which method provides structural and functional information about the living human brain on the same image? |
functional MRI |
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Which of the following is a method used by cognitive neuroscientists to turn off part of the brain while the effects on cognition and behavior are assessed? |
TMS |
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Unlike brain-imaging techniques, TMS permits the study of _________ between human cortical activity and cognition. |
Causal relations |
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An electroencephalograph is... |
an EEG machine |
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In human patients, EEG activity is commonly recorded directly from... |
the scalp |
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Alpha wave EEG activity is associated with... |
Relaxed wakefulness |
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Which of the following biopsychologists would be most likely to study cortical ERPs in human volunteers? |
a psychophysiologist |
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Signal averaging is commonly used in the recording of ERPs because it reduces the magnitude of... |
random signals |
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The main difference between an average evoked potential (AEP) and a "raw" evoked potential is that... |
a raw evoked potential is often unobservable amidst the random noise of the ongoing EEG signal
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The P300... |
is an EEG wave that often occurs after the presentation of a momentary stimulus meaningful to the volunteer |
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The signals in the first few milliseconds of the average auditory evoked potential... |
-are far-field potentials -originate in the sensory nuclei of the brain stem (both) |
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Components of AEPs recorded in the first few milliseconds after a stimulus are... |
Not usually influenced by the meaningful of the stimulus |
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The short-latency low-amplitude signals in this average auditory evoked potential are termed... [see pic] |
far-field potentials |
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Which of the following techniques measures changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the brain? |
MEG |
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MEG records... |
Changes in the magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp |
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Muscle tension is monitored by... |
electromyography |
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Electrooculography is... |
a method of estimating eye movement |
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Electrooculography is a technique for monitoring... |
eye movement |
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In electrooculography, how many electrodes are typically used to monitor the movements of one eye? |
4 |
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Illustrated here is: [Check out pic...actually there's not even a pic] |
electrooculography
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If you were startled by a loud noise, there would be an increase in your skin's conductance of electricity. This response is called... |
A skin conductance response |
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Which gland or glands directly influence the SCL and the SCR? |
Sweat glands |
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Which of the following is a record of a person's heart beat? |
-electrocardiogram -ECG -EKG |
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Hypertension is... |
chronic high blood pressure |
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The level of 130/70 mmHg is... |
a healthy human blood pressure |
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Which of the following have traditionally been used by physicians to measure blood pressure? |
Sphygmomanometers |
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Penile erection is... |
a plethysmographic response
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Stereotaxic surgery in human patients typically requires... |
-a stereotaxic atlas -a stereotaxic instrument -a head holder -an electrode holder |
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The method by which the experimental devices are accurately positioned in subcortical structures of human patients and animal subjects is... |
stereotaxic surgery |
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Bregma is.. |
-the point of intersection between two major skull sutures -a common reference point for rat stereotaxic brain surgery |
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The reference point for many stereotaxic atlases of the rat brain is... |
bregma |
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Unlike subcortical lesions, cortical lesions are often made by... |
aspiration |
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Which of the following brain lesion techniques is least likely to be associated with damage to major blood vessels? |
aspiration lesions |
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The _________ created by the current is the main cause of tissue damage produced by a radio-frequency lesion |
heat |
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Reversible brain lesions, if properly done, |
produce no permanent neural damage |
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Cooling can be used to produce a functional or reversible brain lesion because... |
it can temporarily suppress neural activity in a particular area of the brain without damaging the brain |
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A temporary of reversible lesion can be produced by... |
cooling the target brain structure or injecting an anesthetic into it
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Reversible lesions can be produced by microinjection directly into the target brain structure of a... |
local anesthetic such as lidocaine |
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Lesions that are commonly referred to as amygdala lesions often... |
-damage neural structures other than the amygdala -do not destroy the entire amygdala (BOTH) |
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Lesions restricted to structures on one half of the brain are called... |
unilateral lesions |
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Lesions restricted to structures in one half of the brain usually have effects that are much less severe than do comparable... |
bilateral lesions |
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Intracellular unit recording is not commonly used in biopsychological research because... |
it is very difficult to keep the tip of the microelectrode inside a single neuron in a moving subject |
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Intracellular unit recording is particularly difficult in... |
freely moving animals |
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Which method was used to record this signal? [check out pic] |
intracellular unit recording |
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Unlike other electrophysiological methods of recording neural activity, intracellular unit recording provides measurements of... |
the membrane potential |
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Extracellular unit recording provides information about... |
-the magnitude of the membrane potential -the wave form of action potentials -EPSPs [NONE OF THE ABOVE] |
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Which method was used to record this signal? [check out pic] |
extracellular unit recording |
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Multiple-unit signals are typically... |
-recorded through electrodes that are larger than microelectrodes -integrated, or added together, to facilitate their interpretation |
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In laboratory animals, cortical EEG signals are commonly recorded through... |
stainless steel skull screws
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IP, SC, and IM are all... |
routes of drug administration |
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Drugs that do not penetrate the blood brain barrier can be administered to particular neural structures... |
through a sterotaxically positioned cerebral cannula |
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Both ibotenic acid and kainic acid... |
-are neurotoxins
-destroy neurons whose cell bodies are at the tip of an intracerebral cannula, while leaving axons passing through the region undamaged (BOTH) |
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The neurotoxin, 6-hydoxydopamine (6-OHDA) selectively destroys... |
Neurons that release dopamine or norepinephrine |
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A method of identifying all of the brains of a laboratory animal that were particularly active during a behavioral test is... |
the 2-deoxyglucose technique |
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The final strage of the 2-deoxglucose technique involves... |
autoradiography |
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A method of measuring changes in the extracellular concentrations of various neurochemicals in particular sites in the brain of active laboratory animals is... |
cerebral dialysis |
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Cerebral dialysis is a method of... |
measuring changes in the extracellular concentrations of various neurochemicals at particular sites in the brains of active animals |
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Which of the following is a technique for locating particular proteins in the brain? |
-Immunocytochemistry -in situ hybridization |
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Which of the following procedures employs labeled antibodies? |
immunocytochemistry |
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In immunocytochemistry, the labeled ligand is... |
an antibody |
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Immunocytochemistry is to in situ hybridization as... |
antibody is to messenger RNA |
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Knockout mice are mice that have... |
a particular gene has been deleted or "knocked out"
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Which of the following is a weakness of the gene knockout technique as a method of biopsychological research? |
-most behavioral traits are influenced by many interacting genes -elimination of one gene often influences the expression of other genes -the effects of some gene knockouts are likely to depend on experience [all of the above] |
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Melanopsin knockout mine have difficulty... |
adjusting their circadian rhythms in response to changes in the daily light-dark cycle |
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Transgenic mice always possess... |
genes of another species |
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Green fluorescent protein... |
-was first isolated from a species of jellyfish -fluoresces when exposed to light [both] |
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The brainbow technique... |
-is an extension of the green fluorescent protein technique
-is a technique for labeling neurons in an animal different colors so that each can be traced [both] |
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A behavioral paradigm normally includes a method for... |
-producing the behavioral phenomenon under investigation -measuring the behavioral phenomenon under investigation [both] |
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The main difference between neurologists and neuropsychologists is that... |
neuropsychologists tend to focus on the assessment of complex behavioral problems |
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Neuropsychological assessment is useful because it can... |
-assist diagnosis -influence treatment -be the basis for effective counseling [all] |
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Before the 1950s, neuropsychological testing usually employed the... |
single-test approach |
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The primary purpose of the single-test and standardized-test-battery approaches to neuropsychological testing was to... |
Identify brain-damaged patients |
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The modern customized-test-battery approach to neuropsychological testing typically begins with a... |
battery of tests |
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Tests used in the modern customized-test-battery approach to neuropsychological testing... |
-are often specifically designed to measure aspects of psychological function that have been spotlighted by modern theories and data -often focus on the cognitive strategies employed by the patient, rather than on just how well the patient does -often require skilled practitioners for their prescription, administration, and interpretation [all] |
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Many current neuropsychological assessments begin with the... |
WAIS |
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The digit-span test is a common test of... |
short-term memory |
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ON the digit=span test, most people score about... |
7 |
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Which of the following is a test of language ability that employs objects of two shapes, two sizes, and five different colors?
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token test |
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Which of the following WAIS subtest is part of the Performance Scale? |
-picture completion -digit symbol -block design -object assembly [all] |
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Which of the following subtests of the WAIS involves cartoon drawings? |
picture arrangement
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The sodium amytal test and dichotic listening test are tests of... |
language lateralization |
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In the sodium amytal test, injections are sequentially made into the left and right... |
carotid arteries |
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In the sodium amytal test, an injection into the carotid artery contralateral to the dominant hemisphere for speech renders the patient completely mute for... |
trick question - Injection into the nondominant side does not render the patient mute.
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In the conventional dichotic listening test of language lateralization, on each trial... |
three pairs of digits are presented |
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Memories that are demonstrated by improved performance in the absence of any conscious awareness of the memories are called... |
implicit memories |
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Repetition priming tests are tests of... |
implicit memory |
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Brain damage may produce selective language deficits associated with the sounds, grammar, or meaning of language. In other words, they may disrupt... |
phonology, syntax, or semantics, respectively |
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Dyslexia is a difficulty in... |
reading |
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A common neuropsychological test of frontal lobe damage is the... |
Wisconsin Card sorting test |
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Illustrated here is the... [see pic] |
wisconsin card sorting test |
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Most cognitive neuroscientific research is based on the assumption that.. |
-complex cognitive processes result from the combination of simple constituent cognitive processes -each constituent cognitive process is mediated by activity in a particular area of the brain [both] |
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If a PET image is recorded while a patient is reading, many areas of activity on the PET image will have nothing to do with the cognitive activity of reading per se. That is why cognitive neuroscientists often use... |
the paired image subtration technique |
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A network of brain structures that tends to be active when a person sits quietly and lets her mind wander has been termed the... |
default mode network |
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In most PET and functional MRI studies of cognitive processes, the signal-to-noise ratio is increased by... |
signal averaging |
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Which of the following is a commonly studied species-common behavior? |
-copulating -nest building -grooming -swimming [all] |
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The open-field test is usually conducted in... |
a large, empty chamber |
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In the open-field test, a high bolus count is frequently used as an indicator of... |
fearfulness |
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In the open-field test, thigmotaxia is often used as a measure of... |
fearfulness
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If a rat with its hair erect, moves sideways towards another rat and then pushes against it, the... |
first rat is likely a dominant male displaying social aggression |
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In rats, "boxing" (rearing up and pushing with the forepaws) is usually a sign of... |
defense against conspecific attack |
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The elevated plus maze is a commonly used test of... |
defensiveness or anxiety in studies of anxiolytic drugs |
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The elevated plus maze is commonly employed to study... |
defensiveness or anxiety in studies of anxiolytic drugs |
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Normally, a male rat cannot intromit unless... |
the female first displays lordosis |
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Which of the following is a commonly used measure of rat sexual behavior? |
-number of mounts required to achieve an intromission -number of intromissions required to achieve an ejaculation -duration of the interval between an ejaculation and the reinitiation of mounting (gross dude) |
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Which of following is a commonly used measure of sexual receptivity of female rats? |
lordosis quotient |
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During conventional Pavlovian conditioning, the conditional stimulus is repeatedly presented before the... |
unconditional stimulus |
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In operant conditioning paradigms, the rate of a voluntary response is increased by _________ and decreased by ____________ |
reinforcement; punishment |
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The self-stimulation paradigm is... |
an operant conditioning paradigm |
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In most self-stimulation paradigms, laboratory animals... |
-press levers or perform other operant responses to obtain reinforcement -receive electrical stimulation through implanted electrodes (both) |
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The first time a wild rat encounters a food it has never tasted before, it usually displays... |
neophobia |
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Cancer patients sometimes develop conditioned taste aversions in response to their... |
chemotherapy |
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The discovery of conditioned taste aversion challenged the... |
-principle of equipotentiality -belief that temporal contiguity is necessary for conditioning (both) |
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The radial arm maze is commonly used to study... |
-foraging for food |
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This apparatus is... (see pic) |
radical arm maze |
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Most radical arm mazes have... |
8 or more arms radiating out from a central starting area |
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In the typical radial arm maze, rats tend to orient themselves on the basis of... |
external room cues |
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The Morris water maze is commonly used to study... |
Spatial ability in rats |
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The typical Morris water maze... |
is circular |
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If a rat receives a single painful stimulus from a small object in a test box containing commercial bedding material, the rat will usually investigate the object and then... |
bury it |
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Anti-anxiety (anxiolytic) drugs tend to reduce the amount of... |
-time spent in the closed arms of the elevated plus maze -conditioned defensive burying (both) |
