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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cell characteristics
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genetic material, cytoplasm, plasma membrane
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single circular molecule in ___
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prokaryotes
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double helix in nucleus in ___
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eukaryotes
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fills cell interior
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cytoplasm
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phospholipid bilayer with proteins that encloses the cell, thus separating conents from the environment
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plasma membrane
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Cell Theory
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-all organisms composed of one or more cells
-cells are smallest living things -cells arise by division of a previous cell |
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cell size is limited by a ___ to ___ ratio
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surface area, volume
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most cells are relatively small because as size increases, ___ increases more rapidly
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volume
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the longer the ___, the less surface area per unit volume
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diffusion time
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the net movement of particles from large to smaller concentrations
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diffusion
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the minimum distance two points can be apart and still be seen as two seperate points
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resolution
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magnify in stages using multiple lenses; resolution limited by wavelength of light
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compound microscopes
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electrons transmitted through specimen
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transmission electron microscopes
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electrons beamed into surface of specimen
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scanning electron microscope
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simplest organisms
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prokaryotic cells
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prokaryotic cells- cytoplasm is surrounded by plasma membrane in a ___ composed of peptidoglycan
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rigid cell wall
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carbohydrate matrix of cross-linked with short polypetides
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peptidoglycan
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the procedure to detect the presence of certain disease causing bacteris named after Hans Christian Gram
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Gram staining procedure
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bacteria that have a thick, single-layered cell wall
-purple |
gram-positive
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bacteria that have a multilayered cell wall
-red |
gram-negative
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-threadlike structures protruding from cell surface
-some proks. use these for locomotion |
flagella
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extensions used by proks. for the transfer of genetic material
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pili
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eukaryotes have compartmentalization by ___ and the presence of membrane-bound ___ that carry out specail functions
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endomembrane system, organelles
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plant cells have this large, membrane bound sac which stored proteins, pigments, and waste materials
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central vacoule
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smaller sacs that store and transpot=rt a variety of materials
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vesicles
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all cells are supported by this
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cytoskeleton
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fungi, plants, and many protisis have this
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cell wall
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repository for genetic material
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nucleus
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region of intensive ribosomal RNA synthesis
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nucleoulus
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the surface of the nucleus is bound by two phopholipid bilayer membranes
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nuclear envelope
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shallow depressions on the nuclear envelope that are filled with gatekeeper proteins
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nuclear pores
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DNA of eukaryotes is divided into linear ___
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chromosomes
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chromosomes exist as strands of ___, except during cell division
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chromatin
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chromosomes package ___ and ___
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histones, proteins
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DNA wraps tightly around clusters of histones called ___
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nucleosomes
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nucleosomes permit enzymes to make ___
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RNA copies of DNA
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compartmentalizes the cell, channeling the passage of molecules through the cell's interior
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endomembrane system
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synthesizes (power plant)
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endoplasmic reticulum
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studded with ribosomes, synthesizes proteins for export
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Rough ER
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few ribosomes, synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids
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Smooth ER
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collection of golgi bodies
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golgi apparatus
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the golgi bodies ___,___, and ___ molecules synthesized at one location and utilized in another
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collect, package, and distribute
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golgi bodies are abundant in ___ cells (glands)
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secretory
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most common modification of proteins passing through the GA
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addition or modification of sugar chains
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protein+sugar
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glycoprotein
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lipid+sugar
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glycolipid
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membrane-bound digestive vesicles that breakdown old organelles and recycle nutrients
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lysosomes
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enzyme-bearing, membrane-enclosed vesicles
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microbodies
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contains enzymes that catalyze the removal of electron
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perixosome
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-RNA-protein complexes outside the nucleus
-site of protein synthesis -assembled in the nucleus |
ribosomes
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ribosome are made up of several molecules of ___
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ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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ribosomes are composed of two subunits that join to attach to ___
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messenger RNA (mRNA)
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-power centers of the cell
-carry out oxidative metabolism |
mitochondria
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the oxygen-requiring process by which energy in macromolecules is stored in ATP
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oxidative metabolism
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photosynthetic organelle
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chloroplast
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theory that proposes eukaryotic cells evolved from a symbiosis between different species of prokaryotes
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endosymbiosis
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network of protein fibers that supports cell shape and anchors organelles
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cytoskeleton
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responsible for cell movement
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Actin filaments
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facilitates cellular movement and moving materials withing itself such as special motor proteins
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microtubules
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supports the cytoskeleton's structure
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intermediaate filaments
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help to assemble microtubules
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centrioles
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center of plant cell
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central vacuole
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___ cells lack cell walls and form an extracellular matrix
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animal
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helps coordinate the behavior of all the cells in a particular tissue
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extracellular matrix
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