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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the aerobic respiration processes? |
Kreb's and Electron Transport |
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What are the anaerobic respiration processes? |
glycolysis and fermentation |
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the sum of the chemical reactions in an organism |
metabolism |
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a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell |
metabolic pathway |
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the energy-releasing processes |
catabolism |
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the energy using processes |
anabolism |
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______ builds and ______ breaks down |
anabolism, catabolism |
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proteins made o amino acids encoded by genes
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enzymes |
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Enzymes are _______ that are specific for a chemical reaction; not used up in that reaction |
biological catalysts |
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a metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with a ______ |
product |
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each step is catalyzed by a ______ enzyme |
specific |
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Do not make a reaction happen – they only speed it up(increase reaction rate)
Decrease the amount of activation energy required Are not altered or used up during a reaction Can be re-used many times |
enzymes |
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Can catalyze the forward and reverse of the same reaction
Can become saturated if too much substrate is present Fit the substrate like a lock & key – more correctly called “induced fit” |
enzymes |
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What are the important coenzymes? |
NAD+ NADP+ FAD Coenzyme A |
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What denatures an enzyme? (3) |
high temperature chemicals pH changes |
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inhibitor blocks the active site of the enzyme sulfa drugs block bacterial enzymes |
competitive inhibition |
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inhibitor blocks allosteric site of enzyme cyanide can bind the iron in iron-containing enzymes fluoride can bind calcium or magnesium in enzymes |
noncompetitive inhibition |
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Oxidation is the removal of electrons (NAD+).
Reduction is the gain of electrons (NADH). Redox reaction is an oxidation reaction paired with areduction reaction. |
Oxidation-Reduction
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In biological systems, the electrons are oftenassociated with hydrogen atoms. Biological oxidationsare often ________.
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dehydrogenations
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may also be coenzymes (NAD+,FAD, etc.)
FAD = flavin adenine dinucleotide NAD+ = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Both come from vitamins (niacin and riboflavin) and canparticipate in redox reactions |
Electron Carriers
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Source of immediately usable energy for the cell
Much of the energy released during redox reactionsis trapped within the cell by the formation of ___ Adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with threephosphate groups |
ATP |
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The breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy
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Carbohydrate Catabolism
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Most microbes use two general processes:
(Both processes generally use glycolysis as a first step, but then continue down different pathways) |
cellular respiration and fermentation
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The oxidation of glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules,which also produces 2 net ATP and 2 NADH.
Occurs in the cytoplasm Used by both aerobes and anaerobes (operateswithout oxygen input) |
Glycolysis
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Aerobic respiration: The final electron acceptor in theelectron transport chain is molecular ______
Usually involves the Kreb’s cycle And the ETC |
oxygen (O2) |
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Anaerobic respiration: The final electron acceptor inthe electron transport chain is ____ O2. Yields _____ than aerobic respiration.
Usually involves fermentation Or and anaerobic ETC |
not;less energy |
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Kreb’s only accepts _______ molecules. The 2 pyruvic acid molecules (3-carbon molecules from glycolsis) are converted into _______ molecules.
usually occurs in the _____ or _____ |
2 carbon, 2 acetyl CoA cytoplasm or mitcochondria |
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The Krebs cycle is also called the ________ or ______ cycle |
tricarboxylic acid (TCA); citric acid |
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Every carbon atom in glucose (there are ___) is oxidized to a ____ molecule, and released |
6, CO2 |
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Pyruvic acid molecules from glycolysis can beconverted into organic molecules
Does not yield any ATP, but 2 net ATP may come fromglycolysis Does not require oxygen (can occur in its presence) Does not require Krebs cycle or ETC Uses an organic molecule as the final electronacceptor |
Fermentation
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produces ethyl alcohol + CO2 |
alcohol fermenation |
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bread, beer, and wine are the main food products associated with _____ fermentations |
yeast |
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Pyruvate is converted into just lactic acid (homolactic),or lactic acid and other products (heterolactic)
Several types of ______ pathways existin bacteria and in mammalian muscle cells Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Streptococcus bacteria |
lactic acid fermentations |
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what are some examples of lactic acid fermentations? |
Cheese
Meat Dairy Vegetable Chocolate Coffee Soy sauce |
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Some microbes produce extracellular enzymes calledlipases that break fats down into their fatty acid andglycerol components
The Krebs cycle oxidizes the glycerol and fatty acids Many bacteria that break down fatty acids can alsodegrade petroleum products |
lipid catabolism |
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_____are too large to passunaided through plasmamembranes
Microbes produceextracellular proteases andpeptidases that break themdown into their amino acidcomponents so they canenter the cell Amino acids must be furtherconverted by processes suchas deamination, decarboxylation, ordesulfurization before theycan enter the Krebs cycle |
protein catabolism |
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used to identify bacteria |
biochemical tests |