Chapter 7 (Morgan)

Process where experience produces a relatively enduring change in an organisms behaviours or capabilities (the knowing how)

Responding less strongly to a repeated stimuli over time

You ignore irrelevant information to non harmful stimuli to reserve energy. It is the most simple and earliest form of learning

Responding more strongly to a repeated stimulus. (Occurs for noxious and strong stimuli like an electric shock)

Learning to associate 2 stimuli so 1 stimulus produces a response that was originally produced by the other.

Classical conditioning

The period a response is gradually being learned (learning the association)

Process: start with a stimulus and natural response and pair the response with another stimulus.

1. Acquisition

2. Extinction

3. Spontaneous recovery

1. Forward short delay: CS is still present when you introduce UCS (optimal learning)

2. Forward trace: CS appears, then UCS appears after 2-3 seconds

3. Simultaneous: both at same time

4. Backwards pairing: UCS present then CS presented (little to no learning)

UCS: innately triggers a response

UCR: natural and reflexive unlearned response

CS: stimulus which gains value through association ,

CR: learned response elicited by a stimulus that requires past learning

Eliminating a Conditioned Response when the Conditioned Stimulus is repeatedly presented. (Note: you can maintain association with occasional pairings)

Reappearance if a previously extinguished CR after a period of time. It is evidence that the CR was not forgotten, only suppressed.

Stimuli similar (generally the same) to the initial CS also elicits a CR (eg: a sound similar to the tone causes salivation)

Less condition Response to a conditioned stimulus that are very similar. (Adaptive because you discriminate stimuli that share features but differ in important ways)

Pairing a neutral item with a CS until it becomes a CS too. (Pairing a black square with the tone leads to the black square being a Stimulus too)

CS-2 will be weaker and have a quicker extinction.

Has a role in drug addiction.

Yes. Eg: little Alberta was not afraid of rats until it was paired with a scary loud sound.

Exposing patients to a feared stimulus (CS) without any UCS to allow extinction to occur. Uses virtual reality to treat phobias.

Dissociating attractive stimuli from good feelings (alcohol & drugs, arousal & boyfriends cologne)

Learning controlled by consequences of voluntary behaviour.

Operants (punishments or rewards). You operate your environment to get what you want.

(Instrumental Conditioning- Response Serves a fundamental function)

Satisfying consequences lead to a likely reoccurrence of that behaviour.

Organisms behaviours are instrumental in bringing about certain outcomes.

A box that fully recorded animals activity of animal pushing lever and food coming out.

Reinforcement - increases probability of response

Punishment - weakens likelihood of response

+ R: adding something pleasant (food, sex, attention)

- R: removing something unpleasant (wear jacket to escape cold, chores)

+P: adding something unpleasant/noxious (yelling, spanking)

-P: removing something pleasant (taking away toys or food)

Negative Punishment

1. Doesn’t replace behaviour with positive ones

2. Creates anxiety

3. Encourages subversive sneaky behaviour

4. Provides model for aggressive behaviour

- R: remove aversive stimulus

+R: add pleasant stimulus

-P: remove positive stimulus

+P: add aversive stimulus

Primary:

Punishments: spraying cat when it eats dead bird

Reinforcer: natural reinforcing stimuli (biological importance)

Secondary:

Punishments: saying “no” while spraying cat

Reinforced: neutral objects associated with primary reinforcers (stickers or ice-cream as a treat for good behaviour)

Ability to forgo immediate small rewards for a delayed and more satisfied outcome. Eg: marshmallow test

Reinforcing successive approximations towards a final response. (Gradually succeeding forward: sound-word-sentences-paragraphs)

Sequences of events that link interrelated behaviours to form longer series (rat hitting a bell to turn of a light to get food)

Typically works backwards.

Reinforce every time the behaviour occurs. Helps to acquire new behaviours faster

(Intermittent) reinforce behaviours only sometimes.

Had a greater resistance to extinction.

FR: constant # of times (free coffee after 10)

FI: constant length of time (hourly wage)

VR: changing # of times (slot machine)

VI: changing length of time (emails)

Learning responses to avoid aversive stimuli.

Classical conditioning uses amygdala

Operant conditioning uses DA rich rewards areas.

We are CC to get a phobia and it is maintained by negative reinforcements. We avoid the CS and never extinguish the association of CS with the UCS.

Through evolution animals become biologically presided to learn pairings of fearful stimuli related to their own survival. (Spiders are poisonous)

S O R

- the organism interprets the stimulus and decides what it means. (Mental representation; uses the mind)

Perception of a useful relationship that helps solve a problem

“Aha” moments

Mental representation of spatial layouts

- rats learn a simple map then choose the 4th pathway to lead to goal.

Learning that occurs but is not used until there is an incentive to display that knowledge (rats day 1-10 vs 11 when food was introduced)

Learning by watching others (modelling)

Can be with reinforcement or watching other get reinforced.

People learn by observing the behaviour of models and acquiring the belief they can produce behaviours.

1. Attention

2. Retention

3. Reproduction

4. Motivation

1. Decreases our concern for suffering victims

2. Habituated is to violence

3. Provides aggressive models

Yes