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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell wall
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composed of cellulose and myofibrils
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extracellular matrix
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fiber composite, most important function is structural support. mostly made of collgen. strenghthened by connections to transmembrane proteins.
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integrin proteins
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cell surface proteins that bind to fibronectin and other proteins in the extracellular matrix, thus holding cells in place.
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middle lamina
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plant cells are held together by this.
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tight junctions
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composed of specialized proteins in the plasma membranes that bind animal cells to eachtother. they line up next to eachother and bind. usually found in cells that in tissues that form a barrier, ex the bladder, they are dynamic and variable.
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desmosomes
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made of proteins that link the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells. common in epitheial tissue and muscle tissue. they bind to eachother and to the proteins that anchor cytoskeletal intermediate filaments
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cadherins
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the adhesion proteins in desmosomes.
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plasmodesmata
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what connects plant cells together.
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gap junctions
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in animal cells, they connect adjacent cells by forming channels that allow the flow of small molecules between cells
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types of cell to cell signaling
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1. signal reception
2. signal processing 3. signal response 4. signal deactivation |
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signal receptors
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proteins that change their shape or activity after binding to a signaling molecule. they can be blocked
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signal transduction pathway
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occurs in lipid insoluble hormones. it converts the extracellular hormone signal to an intracellular signal. it occurs at the plasma membrane. Amplification occurs inside the cell
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enzyme linked receptors
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trigger the activation of a series of proteins in the cell
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G proteins
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intracellular peripheral membrane proteins that are closely asociated with transmembrane signal receptors
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quorum sensing
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cell to cell interaction in bacteria
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plasmids
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contain the genes, small circular supercoiled DNA molecules
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glycolipids
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any lipid molecule is covalently bonded to a carbohydrate group
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Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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-eukaryotic chromosomes are found inside the nucleus
-eukaryotic cells are often much larger -eukaryotic cells contain extensive amounts of internal membrane -eukaryotes feature the cytosksleton |
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Nucleus
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surrounded by the nuclear envelope. contains all the genetic material. has a distinct region called the nucleolus where ribosomal RNA processing occurs and ribosomal subunits are assembled
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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-Rough ER synthesizes proteins, new proteins are assembled and folded.
-Smooth ER synthesizes fatty acids and phospholipids or breaks down poisonous lipids |
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golgi apparatus
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formed by membranous sacs called cisternae. this processes, sorts, and ships proteins synthesized in the rough ER.
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perioxomes
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site of oxidation reactions
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Lysosomes
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used for digestion and waste processing
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vacuoles
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found in plant cells. some are specialized for digestion, most are used for storage of water and or ions to help the cell maintain its normal volume
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mitochondria
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ATP production
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chloroplasts
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in plants cells, they convert light energy to chemical energy--> perform photosynthesis
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