Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Describe fibrous joints |
-Synarthrosis (non-movable) –Unitedby fibrous connective tissue –Haveno joint cavity –Movelittle or none |
|
|
What type of joints are sutures? Describe them |
Fibrous Opposing bones interdigitate •Sutural ligament: two periosteal plus dense, fibrous,connective tissue between. In adults may ossify completely: synostosis |
|
|
What types of joints are syndesmoses? Describe them |
Fibrous •Bones farther apart than suture andjoined by ligaments •Some movement may occur•Examples: radioulnar (interosseusmembrane) |
|
|
What types of joints are Gomphoses? Describe them |
Fibrous joints •Specialized joints •Pegs that fit into sockets •Periodontalligaments:hold teeth in place•Inflammations- Gingivitis, Periodontal disease |
|
|
Describe cartilaginous joints |
-Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) •Unite two bones by means of cartilage •Types Synchondroses: hyalinecartilage Symphyses: fibrocartilage |
|
|
Describe Synchondroses |
Cartilaginous joint •Joined by hyaline cartilage •Little or no movement •Some are temporary and are replacedby synostoses •Some are permanent •Some like costochondral jointsdevelop into synovial joints •Examples: Epiphyseal plates,sternocostal, sphenooccipital |
|
|
Describe symphyses |
Cartilaginous joint •Fibrocartilage uniting two bones •Slightly movableExamples:symphysis pubis, between the manubrium sternum and the body of the sternum,intervertebral disks |
|
|
Describe synovial joints |
Diarthrosis (freely moveable) •Contain synovial fluid •Allow considerable movement •Most joints that unite bones ofappendicular skeleton reflecting greater mobility of appendicular skeletoncompared to axial•Complex |
|
|
Describe the anatomy of a synovial joint |
•Articular cartilage: hyaline; provides smooth surface •Joint cavity: synovial; encloses articular surfaces •Capsule –Fibrous capsule:dense irregular connective tissue, continuous with fibrous layer of theperiosteum. Portions may thicken to form ligaments. –Synovial membraneand fluid:membrane lines inside of joint capsule except at actual articulation ofarticular cartilages. Thin, delicate. Sometimes separated from fibrous capsuleby areolar C.T. and fat, sometimes merged with fibrous. •Synovial fluid: complex mixture ofpolysaccharides, proteins, fat and cells. Hyaluronic acid- slippery. •No blood vessels or nerves inarticular cartilages; nutrients from nearby blood vessels and synovial fluid •Nerves in capsule help brain knowposition of joints (proprioception) |
|
|
Describe the accessory structures of synovial joints |
•Bursae–Pocketsof synovial membrane and fluid that extend from the joint. Found in areas offriction–Bursitis •Ligamentsand tendons: stabilization•Articular discs:temperomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular •Menisci:fibrocartilaginous pads in the knee.•Tendon sheaths:synovial sacs that surround tendons as they pass near or over bonentent_length |
|
|
Name and describe the three types of synovial joints |
•Uniaxial:occurring around one axis •Biaxial:occurring around two axes at right angles to each other •Multiaxial:occurring around several axes |
|
|
Describe plane/gliding joints |
–Uniaxial.some rotation possible but limited by surrounding structures Example:intervertebral, intercarpal, acromioclavicular, carpometacarpal |
|
|
Describe Saddle joints |
–Biaxial –Example:thumb (carpometacarpal pollicis), intercarpal, sternoclavicular |
|
|
Describe hinge joints |
–Uniaxial –Convexcylinder in one bone; corresponding concavity in the other –Example:elbow, ankle, interphalangeal |
|
|
Describe pivot joints |
–Uniaxial.Rotation around a single axis. –Cylindricalbony process rotating within a circle of bone and ligament –Example:articulation between dens of axis and atlas (atlantoaxial), proximalradioulnar, distal radioulnar |
|
|
Describe Ball-and-socket joints |
–Multiaxial –Examples:shoulder and hip joints |
|
|
Describe ellipsoid joints |
–Modifiedball-and-socket; articular surfaces are ellipsoid –Biaxial Example:atlantooccipital |
|
|
Describe flexion and give an example |
•movement of a body part anterior to thecoronal plane (lifting up arm in front of you) |
|
|
Describe extension and give an example |
Moving of a body part posterior to the coronal plane. (lowering hand to side) |
|
|
Describe abduction and give an example |
•movement away from the median plane (moving fingers apart) |
|
|
Describe adduction and give an example |
•movement toward the median plane (moving fingers together) |
|
|
Describe rotation and give an example |
•turning of a structure on its longaxis (rotation of the head) |
|
|
Describe pronation and give an example |
Refers to the unique rotation of the forearm. Palmfaces posteriorly |
|
|
Describe the structural components of the knee joint |
•Condyloid: allowing flexion/extension,small amount of rotation •Menisci:fibrocartilage articular disks that build up the margins of the tibia anddeepen articular surface •Cruciateligaments:extend between intercondylar eminence of tibia and fossa of the femur–Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Prevents anteriordisplacement of tibia–Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). Prevents posteriordisplacement of tibia •Collateraland popliteal ligaments: along with tendons of thigh musclesstrengthen the joint•Bursae: may result in slowaccumulation of fluid in the joint (water on the knee) |
|
|
Describe intervertebral discs |
•IntervertebralDiscs Thevertebrae are separated and cushioned by pads of fibrocartilage calledintervertebral discs –Anulus Fibrosus toughouter layer of fibrocartilage –Nucleus Pulposus softelastic and gelatinous core, gives the disc resiliency and letsit absorb shocks –Intervetebral Ligaments areattached to the bodies and processes of all vertebrae to bind them together andstabilize the vertebral column |
|
|
Describe what can happen to vertebral discs |
•An intervertebral disc can becompressed beyond its normal limits so that the nucleus pulposus distorts theannulus fibrosus•Slipped disc –Portionof the disc “slips” into the spinal canal •Herniated disc –Understress the nucleus pulposus actually breaks through the anulus fibrosis andenters the vertebral canal •Sciatica –Painassociated with compression on the sciatic nerve |
