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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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interpersonal communication
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interactional process in which one person sends a message to another.
- interactional process= both participants send/receive information - communicators interpret and create messages by reflecting on their own experiences |
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6 key elements of the communication process
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sender, receiver, message, channel, noise, context
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message
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information or meaning that is transmitted from the sender to the receiver
- speakers encode their feelings, organize them into a message - receivers decode the message into their own ideas and feelings |
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channel
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sensory means through which the message reaches the receiver
- hear, facial expression, gestures, eye contact |
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noise
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any stimulus that interferes with accurately expressing or understanding a message
- environmental, physical (poor hearing), psychological (hungry, headache) - can have semantic origins (slurs, sexist, profanity) |
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context
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environment when communication takes place
- physical environment (location, time, noise level, how conversation takes place- phone, face, internet) - participants (relationship) - history (previous convos) - mood - cultural backgrounds |
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common features of verbal communication (5)
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1) non-verbal means too
2) people are SELECTIVE in initiating communication 3) communications are SYSTEMIC (not isolated) 4) unique (special vocabulary, patterns, rhythms) 5) processual (part of a continuous and evolving process that becomes more personal as people interact with greater frequency) |
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electronically mediated communication
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- takes place through technology
- takes special care so that the receiver understands your intended meaning |
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advantages and disadvantages to cellphones
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advantages= convenient, security
disadvantages= disrupt classrooms/jobs/events, bring private conversation to public sphere |
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nonverbal communication
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transmission of meaning from one person to another through means of symbols other than words
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5 characteristics of nonverbal communication
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1) conveys emotions
2) multi-channeled (Facial expression, gestures, eye contact) where as verbal is one channel 3) ambiguous: things can mean different things to different people 4) may contradict a verbal message 5) culture-bound |
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6 elements of nonverbal communication
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personal space, facial expression, eye contact, paralanguage, body language, touch
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personal space
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space surrounding a person that is felt to "belong" to that person
- dependent on culture: europe large space, US medium space, latin/middle eastern smaller - dependent on situation: ATM machine want more space - conveys information of status: stand further for high status |
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proxemics
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the study of people's use of interpersonal space
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6 emotions shown through facial expression
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anger, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, disgust
- universally recognized - older people less likely to recognize them |
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display rules
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norms that govern the appropriate displays of emotions in a culture (requiring unsuccessful contestants in a beauty pageant to smile)
- men show less than women |
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people who engage in high eye contact...
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...are judged to have effective social skills and credibility
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gazing
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communicates the intensity of feelings (but not positivity or negativity)
- in love, gaze longer - can become staring (steady eye contact) - direct eye contact offensive in Mexico, Latin America, Japan |
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gender and racial differences in eye contact
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- women gaze longer than men
- higher status look longer when speaking than listening - low status look shooter when speaking than listening - blacks look longer when speaking than whites, but less when listening |
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kinesics
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the study of communication through body movements
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body language
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open posture= comfort (men more likely)
leaning towards someone= interest higher status= more relaxed lower status= rigid, feet together |
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touch
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- can convey support, consolation, sexual intimacy, status, power
- higher status touch lower status more, increases compliance |
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men and women touching behaviours
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- women touch to convey closeness and intimacy
- men use touch as control, indicating their power - older pairs women touch more, younger pairs men - female pairs touch more than male-male pairs |
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paralanguage
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how something is said rather than what is said
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vocal cues
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grunts, sighs, murmurs, gasps, other vocal sounds
- how loudly or softly someone speaks - how fast they talk, the pitch, the rhythm, quality |
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lying NOT associated with...
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slow talking, long pauses before speaking, excessive shifting of posture, reduced smiling, lack of eye contact
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lying IS associated with...
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higher pitch, short answers, hesitations, dilated pupils, inconsistency in facial expressions and lower body movements
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polygraph
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records fluctuation in physiological arousal when answering a question
- heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, perspiration, galvanic skin response - 85-90% accurate |
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nonverbal sensitivity
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the ability to accurately encode (Express) and decode (understand) nonverbal cues
- related to social and academic competence and well-being |
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golden rule of conversation
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give to others what you would like to receive from them
- give your attention, respect, let them know you like them - focus on what the person is saying vs. how you look, what your going to say next |
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how to get the ball rolling in a conversation
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1) indicate you are open to conversation by commenting on surroundings
2) introduce yourself 3) select a topic you both can relate to 4) elaborate on initial topic 5) make a smooth exit |
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self-disclosure
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the act of sharing information about yourself with another person
- share more if you trust the person |
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emotional-evaluative vs factual-descriptive self-disclosure
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emotional-evaluative= feelings of closeness (your feelings about your sister)
factual-descriptive= no feelings of closeness (that you have 3 siblings) |
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self-disclosure in relationships
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high at the beginning, goes down as it progresses
established relationships= when one reveals private info you respond with sympathy (rather than a similar disclosure) |
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self-disclosure and culture
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individualistic= personal sharing essential to close friendships and partnerships
collectivist= open up about group memberships or status because these factors guide social interactions |
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self-disclosure and gender
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women more open than men
- female friends share more than male friends - other-gender relationships it is more equal |
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effective listening
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mindful activity and complex process that requires one to select and organize information, interpret and respond to communication, recall what one has heard
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to be a good listener... (4)
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1) signal your interest by using nonverbal cues
2) hear the other person out before you respond 3) engage in active listening (clarifying, paraphrasing) 4) pay attention to other person's nonverbal cues |
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content paraphrasing
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focusing on the literal meaning of the message
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feelings paraphrasing
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focus on the emotions connected to the messages
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communication apprehension
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anxiety caused by having to talk with others
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4 responses of communication apprehension
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1) avoidance
2) withdrawal (say as little as possible) 3) disruption (inability to make fluent oral presentation) 4) over communication |
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barriers to effective communication (4)
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1) defensiveness
2) ambushing 3) motivational distortion 4) self-preoccupation (pseudolistening) |
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defensiveness
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an excessive concern with protecting oneself from being hurt
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ambushing
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looking for the opportunity to attack a presenter, labeled as verbal "bush wackers"
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motivational distortion
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hearing what you want to hear instead of what is being said
- can also read too into things and distort messages - contains selective attention |
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pseudolistening
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pretending to listen while mind is occupied with other topics
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culture and interpersonal conflict
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individualistic= encourage direct confrontation
collectivist= avoid conflict, negotiate to avoid confrontation |
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conflict avoidance cycle
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think of conflict as bad > get nervous > avoid as long as possible > conflict gets out of hand and must be confronted > handle it badly
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5 styles of managing conflict
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1) avoiding/withdrawing
2) accommodating 3) competing/forcing 4) compromising 5) collaborating |
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avoidance/withdrawing in conflict
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low concern for self and others, hope ignoring will make it go away
- sometimes good to postpone and let people cool off |
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accommodating in conflict
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low concern for self, high concern for others, uncomfortable with conflict
- bring conflict to quick end by giving in |
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competing/forcing in conflict
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high concern for self, low concern for others, turns everything into win or lose
- deceitful and aggressive leading to hostility |
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compromising in conflict
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moderate concern for self and others, willing to negotiate and meet other person halfway
- both parties maintain some satisfaction |
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collaborating in conflict
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high concern for self and others, splitting difference between positions to find a sincere solution that will satisfy both parties
- most productive and best strategy |
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assertiveness
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acting in one's own best interests by expressing thoughts and feelings directly and honestly
- high self-esteem, satisfactory interpersonal conflict, effective conflict management |
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submissive communication
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giving into others on points of possible contention
- poor self-esteem, self-denial, cannot say no to requests, emotional suppression, strained relationships |
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aggressive communication
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saying and getting what one wants at the expense of others feelings
- may overlap with assertiveness - promotes guilt, alienation, disharmony |
