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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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learning
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relatively perminatn chang in organism's behavior do to experience
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associative learning
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learning that certain events occur together. events may be 2 stimuli (classical)or response and consequence (operant)
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classical conditioning
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assoc of 2 stimuli. neural stimulus that signals an unconstitutional stimulus (US) begnins to produce a response that anticipates and prepes for the US AKA Pavlovian/Respondent Conditioning
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Pavlov
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Salavating Dogs and food
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Watson
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Baby Albert and the rat
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bahaviorism
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view that psych 1. should be objective science that 2. studies behavior w/o feference to mental processes. most psychists today like 1. but not 2.
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unconditioned response (UR)
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unlearned, natural response to the US (ex. salavation to the sight of food)
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unconditioned stimulus (US)
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stim that unconditionally-nautrally and automatically triggers a response
(ex. food) |
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conditioned response (CR)
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learned response to previously natural CS
(ex. dogs salavating when they hear the bell) |
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conditioned stimulus (CS)
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originally irrevelent stim that after assoc with US comes to trigger a CR
(ex. the bell) |
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acquisition**
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innitial learning.
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extinction
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diminishingg of CR. CC= when US doesn't follow CS, OC=response no longer enforced
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spontanous recovery
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reappearance of the CR (weakened) after theCR had been extinct
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generalization
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gtendency to respond to similiar stimuli
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discrimination
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ability to discriminate btw cs and similiar irreveant stimuli
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operant conditioning
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behavior strenghtened if followeed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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respondent behavior
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behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimuli
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operant behavior
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behavior that operates on the envrionment producing consequences
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Thorndike
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law of effect (rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur)
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Skinner
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modern behaviorism's most influential/controversioal figure. "behavioral technology" revealed princibles of behav control.
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operant chamber "skinner box"
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containingg bar/key that animal (pidgeon) can manipulate to obtain food/water reinforcer, w/ attached denseto record animal's rate ofbarpressing/key pecking. used in OC research
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shaping
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procedure in which reinforcers guidebehavior toward closer approximations of desired behavior
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successive approximations
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rewards make it get closser to do what is desired
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reinforcement
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any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
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positive reinforcement
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increasing behaviors by increasing positive stimuli (food)
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negative reinforcement
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increases behaviors by stopping or reducing the negative stimuli (seat belt noise)
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primary reinforcer
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an innately reinforcing stimulus such as onethatsatisfies a biological need (food when hungry)
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conditional reinforcer
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"secondary reinforcer" stim that gains reinforcing power through association witha promary reinforcer-> learned reinforcers (rat will turn on a light if they know the light will trigger food)
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continuous reinforcement
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reinforcing desired behavior everytime it occurs -->rapid learning
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partial (imtermittent) reinforcement
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reinforcing a response only part of the time; slower acquisition of a reslonse but a much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous rein.
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fixed-ratio schedules
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reinforcement shcoedule that reinforces only after a specified number of responses
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variable-ratio schedules
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a reinforcement schedule that rein a response only after an unpredictible # of responses
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fixed-interval scedules
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rein schedule that rein a response at predictible time intervals
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positive punishment
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administer an adversive stimuli (spanking)
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negative punishment
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withdraw a desireable stimulus (take away toys)
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cognative map
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mental representation of the layout of one's environment
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latent learning
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learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is incentive to demonstrate it
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intirnsic motivation
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desire to preform behavior for own sake
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extrinsic motivation
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desire to preform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments
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observational learning
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learning by observing others
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modeling
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process of learning and exhibiting specific behavior
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memes
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transmitted cultural elements (ideas, fashion, habits... travelling by immitiation)
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mirror neurons
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frontal love neurtons that fire when preforming certain actions or when observing another doing so. brain's mirroring of another's acrion may enable immitation, languagge, learningg and empahty--> theory of mind
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Bandura
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pioneer researcherof observational learning
-bobo dolls |
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prosocial
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positive, constructive, helpful behavior (opposite of anti social behavior... MLK Jr. and Ghandi)
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