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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Types of Muscular Tissue
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Skeletal Muscle-Striated/voluntary
Cardiac Muscle-Striated/Involuntary Smooth Muscle-Nonstriated/Involuntary |
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Function of Muscular Tissue
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Producing Body Movements
Stabilizing Body Positions Regulating Organ Volume Moving Substances within the Body Producing Heat |
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
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-Attached to Bones and moving parts of the skeleton
-Striated/Voluntary |
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
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Found only in the heart
Striated/Involuntary |
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
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-Located in the walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways, the stomach, and the intestines.
-Nonstriated/Involuntary |
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Connective Tissue Components
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Epimysium
Perimysium Endomysium (These 3 form tendons and attach to bones) |
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Muscle Fibers
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Each skeletal muscle is a seperate organ composed of hundreds to thousands of cells, which are called Muscle Fibers
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Epimysium
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The entire muscle is wrapped in Epimysium
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Perimysium
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Surrounds bundles of 10-100 or more muscle fibers called fascicles
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Fascicles
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A small bundle of muscle fibers
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Endomysium
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Endomysium wraps each individual muscle fiber
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Sarcolemma
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Each muscle fiber is covered by a plasma membrane called a sarcolemma
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Transverse Tubules
(T tubules) |
tunnel in from the surface toward the center of each muscle fiber.
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Sarcoplasm
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The muscle fibers cytoplasm
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
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a network of fluid-filled, membrane-enclosed tubules that store calcium ions required for muscle contraction
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Myoglobin
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a. a reddish pigment, similar to hemoglobin in the blood
b. an oxygen-binding protein found only in muscle fibers |
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Myofibrils
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cylindrical structures that extend along the entire length of the muscle fibers
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2 types of myofibrils
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thin filaments
thick filaments |
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Sarcomere
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a contractile unit in a striated muscle fiber (cell) extending from one Z disc to the next Z disc
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Actin
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A contractile protein that is part of the thin filaments in muscle fibers
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Muscular Atrophy
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a wasting away of muscle
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Muscular Hypertrophy
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an increase of muscle fiber diameter owing to the production of more myofibrils, mitochondria, ect...
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Muscle Action Potential
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an electrical signal sent to a skeletal muscle so it can contract
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Motor Neuron
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The neuron that delivers a muscle action potential
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Motor Unit
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A single muscle neuron along with all the muscle fibers it stimulates
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Motor End Plate
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The region of the sarcolemma near the axon terminal
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Synaptic Cleft
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The space between the axon terminal and sarcolemma
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Neuromuscular Junction
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The synapse formed between the axon terminals of a motor neuron and the motor end plate of a muscle fiber
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A motor neuron excites a skeletal muscle in the following way.....
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1. Release of acetylcholine-
2. Activations of ACh receptors 3. Generation of muscle action potential 4. Breakdown of ACh |
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Acetylcholinesterase
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enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter
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Contraction Cycle
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the repeating sequence of events that causes a filament to slide
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4 steps of the contraction cycle
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1. Splitting ATP
2. Forming Crossbridges 3. Power Strokes 4. Binding ATP and detaching |
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Muscle Tone
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A sustained, partial contraction of portions of the skeletal or smooth muscle
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Flaccid
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A state of limpness in which muscle tone is lost
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Creatine Phosphate
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Energy rich molecule that is unique to muscle fibers
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Creatine
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a small amino acid-like molecule that is synthesized in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas.
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Glycolysis
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a series of cytosolic reactions that produces 2 ATP's by breaking down a glucose molecule to pyruvic acid
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Anarobic Cellular Respiration
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The process that occurs when oxygen levels are low as a result of vigorous muscle activity, most of the pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid
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Aerobic cellular respiration
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a series of oxygen requiring reactions that produce ATP in mitochondria
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Muscle Fatigue
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The inability of a muscle to contract forcefully after prolonged activity
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Oxygen Debt
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refers to the added oxygen , over and above the oxygen consumed at rest, that is taken into the body after exercise
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Frequency of Stimulation
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The number of impulses per second
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Myogram
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recording of a muscle contraction
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Twitch Contraction
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a brief contraction of all the muscle fibers in response to a single action potential in its motor neuron
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Latent Period
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a brief delay that occurs between application of the stimulus and beginning of contraction
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Contraction Period
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repetitive power strokes are occurring, generating tension or force of contraction
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Relaxation Period
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Power strokes cease because the level of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm is decreasing to the resting level
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Wave Summation
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when stimuli arrive one after another to cause larger contraction
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unfused (incomplete) Tetanus
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A sustainted but wavering contraction
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fused (complete) Tetanus
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A sustained contraction in which individual twitches cannot be detected
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Slow Oxidative (SO) Fibers
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Resistant to fatigue and are capable of prolonged, sustained contractions
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Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic (FOG) Fibers
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Moderately high resistance to fatigue
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Fast Glycolytic (FO) Fibers
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Intense movements of short duration but fatigue quickly
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Isotonic Contraction
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the tension developed by the muscle remains almost constant while the muscle changes its length
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Isometric Contraction
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The tension generated is not enough to exceed the resistance of the object to be moved and the muscle does not change its length
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Intercalated Discs
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Iirregular transverse thickenings of the sarcoloma
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autorhythmicity
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Intrinsic rhythm of heart contractions
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Dense Bodies
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In smooth muscle, thin filiments attach to these structures
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Smooth Muscle Tone
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A state of continued partial contraction
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Origin
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The attachment of a muscle to the stationary bone
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Insertion
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The attachment of a muscle to a movable bone
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Belly
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The fleshy portion of the muscle between the tendons
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Tenosynovitis AKA Tendonitis
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painful inflammation of the tendons, tendon sheaths and synovial membranes of the joint
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Prime Mover or Agonist
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Muscle that causes a desired action
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Antagonist
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Relax while prime movers contract
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Synergists
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help the prime mover function more efficiently by reducing unnecessary movement
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Fixators
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Stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more effeciently
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Bell's Palsy AKA Facial Paralysis
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one-sided paralysis of the muscles of facial expression as a result of damage or disease of the facial nerve
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Strabismus
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Two eyes are not properly aligned
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Hernia
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Protrusion of an organ through a structure that normally contains it
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