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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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(1) Define terms associated with allergic, immune and autoimmune disorders
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allergic is when a person is hypersenstive to one or more substances and when exposed they have a reaction. IMMUNE condition of being nonsusceptible to a disease. AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER disorder to which the body fails to recognize it's own cells as "self" and starts to destroy them.
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(2) Differentiate the following: allergy, antigen, immunogens, antibody and histamine
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ALLERGY is a hypersenstivity to one or more substances; a person acquires an allergy from exposure to an offending substance. ANTIGEN the foreign protein substance. IMMUNOGENS antigens that cause an immune response in the body. ANTIBODY a specific protein that neutralizes foreign antigens (essential to the immune response) HISTAMINE an amine found in all body tissues that stimulates dilation of small blood vessels and production of gastric juice; involved in inflammation and allergic reaction.
The immune system leads the “battle” against invading microbes and malignant cells that contact or enter the body. Antigens are foreign protein substances that enter the body and stimulate the production of antibodies. |
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(3) Demonstrate the procedure for intradermal skin testing
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Skin testing by intradermal injection. With the needle held nearly flat against the skin and the bevel up, the needle is inserted approximately one eighth of an inch under the epidermis. The test agent is injected slowly as a small blister appears. Signs of positive reaction to the agent will appear in 24 to 48 hours.
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(3) Discuss at least three components of the medical history and the physical exam that relate to the detection of allergies
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Carefully observe and assess the client with an allergic or immune disorder. Perform a head-to-toe assessment to establish a baseline for future comparison. Question the client for symptoms such as pruritus, shortness of breath, numbness, and tingling. Examine the client for symptoms such as a rash, urticaria, excessive tearing, rhinorrhea, sneezing, wheezing, or other respiratory signs, and localized edema or erythema. Document and report any abnormal findings or changes in this baseline level.
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(4) State three possible skin and three possible respiratory manifestations of the allergic response.
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Urticaria "hives", Eczema, Contact Dermitis
Allergic Asthma, Bronchial Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis |
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(6) Discuss at least five possible gastrointestinal manifestations of the allergic response
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Common food allergens include dairy products, eggs, wheat, soybeans, fish, shell fish, chocolate, nuts, seeds, corn, beer, citrus fruits, and many food additives and preservatives. Common manifestations include nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and tenderness, swelling of the lips and throat, itching of the palate, rhinoconjunctivitis, sneezing, wheezing, urticaria,and migraine headaches. In many cases, a food that causes burping often also causes allergy.
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(7) Discuss at least three possible manifestations of the allergic responses that related to drugs.
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Administration of certain drugs may cause a serum reaction. For example, the antiserum used for rabies treatment may cause a severe serum reaction. The client’s body mounts a reaction and immunologic attack on the serum or medication administered. Symptoms occur 7 to 14 days after receiving a drug against which the client has no antibodies. Symptoms include itching and inflammation at the point of injection, skin rash, enlarged lymph nodes, and sometimes swollen joints, as well as a feeling of general weakness and an elevated temperature. Treatment usually includes antihistamines. Corticosteroids are given in more severe cases
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(8) State three methods for treating multisystem allergy response
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Some allergies produce symptoms in more than one body system. Initially, the client may experience localized itching and edema, but soon, systemic gastrointestinal or respiratory symptoms may appear.
Avoiding allergens may be difficult. For instance, a person who is allergic to chocolate can simply stop eating it. But eliminating white flour from the diet or dust from the environment is more complicated. In many cases, when complete avoidance of the allergen is impossible, modifications are helpful. For example, foam rubber or polyester fiber can substitute for feather pillows, and antiallergenic or hypoallergenic cosmetics are available. People who are allergic to pet dander may haveto give up their pets. When nurses or clients are allergic to latex, they must avoid rubber gloves, catheters, and other latex-based materials. |
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(9) Discuss at least five nursing consideratiosn related to prevention and treatment of anaphylaxis
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Anaphylaxis refers to a hypersensitivity reaction to an antigen. Treatment of anaphylactic shock involves removal of the causative agent and administration of antihistamines to block the effects of histamine on the blood vessels, bronchioles, and gastrointestinal tract. In severe cases, epinephrine may be used to counteract the vasodilation that occurs. Epinephrine also relaxes the smooth muscle of the airways and inhibits further mediator release.
N/C Open the airway—This may require an endotracheal tube, oxygen, or suction. A tracheostomy may be needed. Support the circulation —Intravenous fluids, placing the clientin Trendelenburg position, or initiating cardiopulmonary resuscitation may be necessary Administer medications —Epinephrine, aminophylline, antihistamines, and corticosteroids are the drugs of choice. |
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(10) Compare and contrast organ-specified and non-organ-specific autoimmune diseases.
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Chronic inflammatory changes in a specific organ characterize an organ-specific autoimmune disease. Examples include thyrotoxicosisor Graves’ disease (of the thyroid), type 1 diabetes mellitus(pancreas), and autoimmune thyroiditis.
Non–organ-specific autoimmune disorders combine the features of systemic and organ-specific diseases. Examples include primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis |
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(11) Identify dietary modifications for the client with an autoimmune disorder
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(12) Identify common medications for the client with an autoimmune disorder
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H1-Receptor Antagonists (H1
-Blockers) (Antihistamines) Sedating Drugs •diphenhydramine (Benadryl) •chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton) •hydroxyzine (Atarax) •promethazine (Phenergan) Nonsedating Drugs •cetirizine (Zyrtec) •fexofenadine (Allegra) •loratadine (Claritin) Leukotriene Antagonists or Modifiers •montelukast (Singulair) •zafirlukast (Accolate) •zileuton (Zyflo) Adrenergic Decongestants •oxymetazoline (Afrin, Dristan, Sinex) •phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) •pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) |
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(13) Discuss general client and family teaching for the clients with an autoimmune disorder, include ages across the lifespan
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