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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Social Relations Topics
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1. Attraction 2. Close Relationships 3. Helping Behavior 4. Aggression |
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What do we find attractive?
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Familiarity - People are attracted to others who are familiar |
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propinquity effect
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the tendency to be more attracted to people whom you seen and interact with regular
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Dorm Study (Festinger,1950)
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negative correlation between distance and social interaction. participants listed 3 closest friends: - 65% lived in same building - 41% next door neighbors - 22% two doors down - 10% 3 doors down - Rooms closest to stairs knew people upstairs |
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mere exposure effect
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the more exposure people have to a stimulus, the more positively it is evaluated (if the stimulus is not already negative) *this works best if you are unaware of the stimulus) |
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Moreland & Beach (1992) Mere Exposure and Attraction |
*female confederates (unaware they were in an experiment) entered classroom *pretest on attractiveness 1. 0 times -> 3.6 (attractiveness rating) 2. 5 times -> 3.9 3. 10 times-> 4.2 4. 15 times-> 4.4 |
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Generally Attractive (nature component) |
some consensus beauty 1. people agree on attractiveness of faces 2. physical features universally attractive - in women: large eyes, prominent cheekbones, small nose, wide smile - in men: broad jaw, broad shoulders 3. symmetry is attractive, even to babies |
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Generally Attractive (nurture component) |
-1950s Marilyn Monroe (curves) -1960s Twiggy (thin) |
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what-is-beauty-is-good sterotype
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the belief that physically attractive individuals also possess other desirable personality traits
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Blind Date Study (Snyder et al., 1977) Self-fulfilling prophesy |
randomly paired men and women to talk on the phone IV: men shown attractive or non-attractive picture and told it is their phone partner - men rated the attractive woman as more sociable - judges rated both as more sociable with attractive picture |
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Major Carrington & Carnivale (1984) Draw Backs of Attractiveness
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Cover study: participants write an essay judged by an unknown member of the opposite sex. All essays evaluated positively. *half believed member of the opposite sex can see them through a one way mirror. *felt as though their level of attractiveness dictated their essay score.
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After initial attraction, what keeps people interested?
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-similarity: we like those who are similar to us
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matching hypothesis
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people tend to form relationships with people who are similar to them
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Why do we like those who are similar?
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1. Similar people make us feel like we are correct (false consensus) 2. More to talk about -> more exposure 3. Disagreement is unattractive
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reciprocity
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a mutual exchange between what we give and receive ex. Liking those who like us |
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Gender differences
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Women like: older, more resources, stable and established Men like: young, physically attractive. |
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Gender differences (NATURE) Evolutionary perspective |
Differences in how men and women approach relationships and select mates based on evolution. Women are limited in number of children they can have. Pick a man who will stay around and provide. Threatened by emotional infidelity. Men can father unlimited number of children. They pick partner who is healthy and able to have children. Threatened by sexual infidelity. |
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Gender differences (NURTURE) Sociocultural perspective |
Gender differences due to sociocultural factors. Youth, beauty and financial stability are never the top of peoples list. Kind, dependable and funny are the highest in the list for both men and women. Sex differences are due to social circumstances that women face. If prevented by society, women have to obtain resources and power through men. |
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Social exchange theory
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a perspective that views people as motivated to maximize benefits and minimize cost in their relationships with others Economic model to predict staying together or not Satisfaction= reward - cost - comparison level |
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exchange relationship
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a relationship in which the participant expect and desire strict reciprocity in their interactions. - governed by equity concern, quick reciprocity - more common among acquaintances and business associates - no empathy (not experience feelings that the other person is feeling) |
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communal relationship
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a relationship in which the participants expect and desire mutual responsiveness to other's needs. - governed by motivation to respond to the needs of the other person - common among close friends and partners - empathy (experience feelings the other person is feeling) |
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attachment style
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the way a person typically interacts with significant others. - secure: not overly threatened by others trying to get too close, not overly worried and being dependent or abandoned. - avoidant: threatened by others who get too close or who are dependent on them, fear of being psychologically intimate - anxious: wants more affection from the partner than the partner is willing to give, worried about being abandoned.
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Comparison level
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expectancy of what rewards and cost of a relationship should be. Commitment= satisfaction - CLalt + investments |
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Comparison Level of Alternatives (CLalt)
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expectation of satisfaction with available alternatives
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Simpson (1992)
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Couples come to study together. Tell women experiment arouses anxiety/distress Left alone with their partner (under observation) Secure (W): turned to bf for help Secure (M): was caring in response Avoidant (W): pulled away from boyfriend Avoidant (M): less caring when gf is anxious |
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equity theory
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the theory that people are most satisfied with a relationship when the ratio between benefits and contributions is similar for both parties
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triangle theory of love
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a theory proposing that love has three basic components: 1. intimacy 2. passion 3. commitment --that can be combined to produce eight subtypes
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intimacy
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the emotional component. which involves liking and feelings of closeness ex. I have a comfortable relationship with___ |
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passion
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the motivational component, which contains drives that trigger attraction ex. just seeing ____ is exciting for me. |
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commitment
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the cognitive component, which reflects the decision to make a long term commitment to a loved partner ex. I will always feel a strong responsibility for ___. |
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passionate love
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romantic love characterized by high arousal, intense attraction, and fear of rejection.
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compassionate love
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a secure, trusting, stable partnership
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need for affilation
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the desire to establish and maintain many rewarding interpersonal relationship
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loneliness
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a feeling of deprivation about existing social relations
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hard-to-get effect
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the tendency to prefer people who are highly selective in their social choices over those who are more readily available
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intimate relationship
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a close relationship between two adults involving emotional attachment, fulfillment of psychological needs, or interdependence
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excitation transfer
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the process whereby arousal caused by one stimulus is added to arousal from a second stimulus and the combined arousal is attributed to the second stimulus
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self- disclosure
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revelations about the self that a person makes to others
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sexual orientation
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a person's preference for members of the same sex (homosexuality), opposite sex (heterosexuality), or both sexes (bisexuality).
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