Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration And Fermentation

a partial degradation (break down) of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen.

when sugars are broken down on their own.

respiration in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel (like sugars, fats, or starches) to release energy.

oxygen combines with organic fuel to make energy.

respiration without oxygen-- a catabolic pathway in which oxygen is not consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel-- includes alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.

energy is released without the use of oxygen to mix with organic fuel

loss of electrons (OIL RIG) - Oxidation Is Loss

electrons are given to the other side so that the other side does reduction

gain of electrons (oil RIG) - Reduction Is Gain

electrons are taken from the other side so that the other side does oxidation

the electron donor in a redox reaction gives an e- (is oxidized) to reduce the other reactant.

the oxidized side allows the other to be reduced

the electron acceptor in a redox reaction, gets an e- from other reactant (is reduced), to oxidize other reactant.

the reduced side allows the other side to oxidize

Electron Taxi. Main electron carrier (acceptor) of respiration. Switches easily between NAD+=oxidized (lost e-); NADH=reduced (gains e-). Gets reduced by gaining 2 e- and H+ from glucose breakdown. A derivative of the vitamin niacin.

Becomes oxidized by losing an electron in the breakdown of glucose and then reduced by gaining 2.

3rd step of respiration: A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane molecules) that use electron energy dropped off by electron taxis (NADH, FADH2) to pump H+ out in the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

These molecules use the energy from electron taxis to make energy

2nd step of respiration: 8 step cycle where enzymes help pyruvate to be oxidized to remove electron energy and carbon.

1st step of respiration: molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of puryvic acid (glycol=sugar, lysis= breaking). Produces 2 net ATP and 2 NADH (electron energy); most energy still in pyruvate.

The production of ATP at ATP synthase using energy from the H+ is pumped out during the electron transport chain. Oxygen is final electron acceptor (oxidative) and energy of electrons is used to phosphorylate (add a phoshorus) to ADP to ATP to store energy.

Oxygen is used to add phosporus to store ATP

The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.

ATP is made when a phosphate group is moved to ADP.

Diffusion of chemicals (H+ protons) in chloroplasts and mitochondria, a process in which the movement of protons down their concentration gradient across a membrane is coupled to the synthesis of ATP.

As protons move through the membrane, ATP is created.

the potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of H+ (hydrogen) ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis.

potential energy stored by pumping of hydrogen moving through the membrane.

The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol-- a form of anaerobic respiration.

When pyruvate turns into carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.

The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of CO2-- a form of anaerobic respiration.

When pyruvate turns into lactate, no CO2 release

-Outer membrane

-Inner membrane (proteins of electron transport chain are here)

-Intermembrane space (H+ pumped out from ETC builds up high concentration here)

-Crista (folds of inner membrane increase surface area for ETC proteins)

-Matrix (cytoplasm fluid inside the inner membrane)