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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a weak acid is 5% ionized at equilibrium. Therefore we can say that the ionization reactionn is
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Reactant favored
-The amount of products is less than the amount of reactants. |
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If a catalyst is added to a chemical reaction, the equilibrium yield of a product will be _________, and the time taken to come to equilibrium will be _________ than before.
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The same
less |
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The equilibrium constant expression for the reverse of the reaction given below is
4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g) |
c.
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The equilibrium constant expression for the reaction shown below is
Ag3PO4(s) 3 Ag+(aq) + PO43-(aq) |
b
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Consider the equilibrium reaction
2 NO2(g) N2O4(g). A sample of pure NO2(g) of concentration 0.140 M is allowed to come to equilibrium. It is then found that 57.0 % of the NO2(g) has reacted to form N2O4(g). What is the value of Kc? |
11.0
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Consider the reaction
H2(g) + Br2(g) 2 HBr(g). If the partial pressures in an equilibrium mixture of H2, Br2, and HBr are 0.024 atm, 0.031 atm, and 5.07 atm, respectively, the value of Kp for this reaction at this temperature is |
3.5x10^4
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Consider the reaction
COCl2(g) CO(g) + Cl2(g) At equilibrium, [CO] = 4.14 10-6 M; [Cl2] = 4.14 10-6 M; and [COCl2] = 0.0627 M. Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc. |
2.73x10^-10
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The value of Kc for the reaction A B is 1.4 10^15. At equilibrium
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The amount of A is much less than the amount of B
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To decide whether a reaction mixture is at equilibrium, a student determines the value of Q, the reaction quotient, and finds that it is less than K. Therefore, the mixture is
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not at equilibrium, and will react to the right, to increase the amounts of products.
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For the reaction
2A -> 3B Kc = 1.37. If the concentrations of A and B are equal, what is the value of that concentration? |
1.37M
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For the reaction
C(s) + CO2(g) 2CO(g) Kc = 168. A mixture contains some C(s), [CO] = 0.50 M and [CO2] = 0.75 M. Therefore the system _________ at equilibrium, because _________. |
is not; the value of Q is 0.33
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For the reaction
2A ->B Kc = 1.4 10^15. In an equilibrium mixture, [A] = 0.45 M. What is the concentration of B? |
2.8x10^14
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An endothermic reaction which results in an increase in moles of gas will be most product-favored under conditions of _________ pressure and _________ temperature
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low; high
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Consider the equilibrium system
C(s) + CO2(g) 2CO(g). If C is removed, the equilibrium will _________, and if CO is added, the equilibrium will ____. |
be unchanged; shift to the left
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Consider the endothermic reaction
C(s) + CO2(g) 2CO(g) If such a system at equilibrium is heated, equilibrium will _________,because _________. |
shift to the right; increased temperature favors an endothermic reaction
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As the temperature is increased, which kinds of reactions become more product-favored?
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All reactions that result in an increase in entropy.
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In predicting which side of an equilibrium is more favored, the factor concerned with probability is called
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entropy.
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Considering only the probability factor in the gas-phase reaction C 2A + B, _________ side is favored because ____.
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the product; there are more possible arrangements of molecules on the product side
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product-favored reactions
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If a reaction is product-favored at high temp the entropy of the products is probably greater than the entropy of the reactants.
-If a reaction is product favored at low temp, the enthalpy of the products is probaby less than the enthalpy of the reactants. -If the entropy of the products is greater than the entropy of the reactants, the reaction is product-favored. - The value of the equilibrium constant is greater than 1 |
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Consider the reaction
H2O(g) + C(s) CO(g) + H2(g). Consider an equilibrium mixture of these substances. If the pressure is increased by compressing the mixture, equilibrium will _________ ; if pressure is increased by adding an inert gas to the mixture, equilibrium will _________. |
shift to the left; remain unchanged
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Interactions between two atoms
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1. If two atoms are widely separtaed, there is very little attraction between them.
2. When 2 atoms are one bond length apart, the electrons one one atom are attarcted to the nucleus of the other atom. |
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Repulsion
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Occurs when two atomshave very little separation between them.
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Covalent Bond
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occus when electrons are shared between two nuclei
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In a molecule with trigonal bipyramidal electron-pair geometry, where are any lone pairs on the central atom preferentially placed?
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Equitorially
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The carbon-carbon pie bond in ethylene results from the overlap of which of the following?
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P atomic orbitals
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Based on temperature there are four main layers to our atmosphere. Which of the following is the correct name for the layer in which we live?
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Troposphere
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Kinetic-molecular theory of gases
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1. All gases consist of atoms and molecules moving randomly in all directions at various speeds.
2. The average kinetic energy of gas molecules increases as the temp imcreases. 3. The volume of a gas molecule is negligible when compared to the space that separated it from other gas molecules. 4. The are no attractive or repulsive forces between gas molecules. |
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Four factors which when combined make the air quality in the Los Angeles Basin the worst in the country.
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1. Topography—LA is a basinsurrounded by relatively high
mountains. 2. Predominant on-shore breeze—the warm landnext to the cool ocean water produces an onshore breeze that tends to push the air inland toward the mountains 3. 3. Large population base—the five counties that comprise the LA region have an estimated population of 17.8 million people. Those 18 million people produce a tremendous amount of anthropogenic emissions into the troposphere due to industrial, transportation, and other support activities. 4. 4. Sunlight—light drives the photolysis of NO2 to form oxygen atoms that combine with molecular oxygen to create ozone. LA boasts some of the best weather of any large urban center in the world—more than 300 sunny days per year. |
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What is the major type of fore that must be overcome to allow the boiling of carbon tetrachloride?
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London Forces
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Which two assumptions of the Kinetic-Molecular Theory need to be altered to account for the behavior of real gases?
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I. Gass molecules have no volume
III. gas molecules undergo no attractive or repulsive force toward one another. |
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Volatility of a liquid increases as temperature increases because
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The number of molecules with enough kinetic energy to excape from the liquid increases.
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Molecular Solid
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?
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If the rate law of an elementary reaction is second order, we can conclude that
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The elementary reaction involves a collision between two molecules
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Which of the following factors increases the rate of a chemical reaction by decreasing the activation energy barrier?
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Adding a catalyst
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Vapor Pressure Lowering
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The vapor pressure of a pure solvent is REDUCED when a nonvolatile solute is added.
This is summarized by Raoult's Law: Psolution = Xsolvent Posolvent Where: Psolution is the vapor pressure of the solution Xsolvent is the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution = (mol solvent)/(mol solvent + mol solute) Po solvent is the vapor pressure of the pure solvent As more solute particles are added, the mole fraction of the solvent goes down, and the vapor pressure is reduced |
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The normal boiling point of a liquid on a vapor pressure curve is found
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At the point where the temperature line crosses the 760 mmHg.
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The group represents on the exothermic processes
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Freezing, Condensation, deposition
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SMV->
DFC<- |
Endo
Exo |
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Heat of vaporization
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The heat of condensation is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign when compared to the heat of vaporization.
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Solids
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Amorhouse solids have very little long-range order
Ionic solide are poor conductors of electricity. Network solids are bonded into infinite molecules of atoms by covalent bonds |
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Transition from phase I to phase II
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Melting
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BCC cells
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BCC unit cells _____of the atom in the center of the unit cell is counted as part of that unit cell.
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Network Solids
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Graphite and diamond are examples of network solids
-Consist of nonmetal atoms connected by covalent bonds -All atoms in a netwodk solid are connected to all other atoms through a network of bonds. -Silicates are an important class of netwok solids |
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Properties of all metals
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-Good conductors of heat and electricity
-Easily formed into sheets or wires -Shiny |
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The units for the rate constant K must always include
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_____
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For a zero, first, or 2nd order rxn A->P. The order of reaction with respect to reactant A may be determined
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-Form specific rate law, if it is already known
-From the integreate reate law, if already known -From plots of [A]t vs. t, ln[A]t vs. t, and 1/[A] vs. t |
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Rate constant
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Its value at at particular temperature depends on the reation involved.
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Hydrogen Bonding
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The simples explantation for the unusual properties of water in comparison to other compounds of similar structure and molar mass
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The activation energy in the Arrhenius equation can best be describes as
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A numerical description of the amount of energy needed by colliding reactant molecules in order to form products.
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The density of water has its maximum value at 4 degrees C because
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The thermal motion of the molecules overcomes the hydrogen bonds and allows the molecules to approach each other more closely.
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First order Kinetics reaction
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It follows a plot of ln versus time is linear, and the the slope of this plot is -K
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Endothermic Process
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Melting, Evaporation, Sublimation
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Postulate of the kinetic-molecular theory of gases
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All gases consist of atoms and molecules moving randomly in a ll directions at various speeds
-The average kinetic energy of gas molecules increases as the temperature increases -The volume of a gas molecule is negligible when compared to the space that separates it from other gas molecules. -There are not attractive or repulsive forces between gas molecues. |
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Bond energies
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The amount of energy is takes to pull 2 nuclei apart and bgreak the chemical bond
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Dispersion forces
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London forces: attaction between the electron clod of 1 molecule and the +charges nucleus of another molecule.
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Dipolar force
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Attaraction between + and - charge side of another molecue. Polar molecule= permanent dipole moment
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Hydrogen bond
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attraction between lone pair electron on electronegative atoms of molecules and H-atoms in ploar bonds of second molecule. H-bonding is limited to molecues contained N,O,F atoms.
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Transient dipole moment
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A moment on both molecules and the dipole-dipole pulls molecues together larger electron cloud=strong dispersion force.
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Dipole-Dipole
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Electrostatic interaction between permant dipole moments in plar molecules results in more attraction between negative molecules
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