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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
pure substance
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only one type of matter is present (can be elemental or compound)
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physical transformation
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leaves the same substance but in a different physical state (changes between solid, liquid, gas)
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sublimation
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a substance goes from solid to gas without passing through liquid state
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chemical transformation
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atoms form new compounds
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chemical properties
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properties that can only be observed when a substance undergoes a change. eg. color is a physical property but flammability is a chemical property
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intensive property
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a property that does not depend on the amount of material. eg. density
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extensive property
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a property that does depend on the amount of material. eg. weight
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law of constant composition
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multiple samples of any pure chemical compound always contain the same percent by mass of each element making up the compound
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Thomson Model
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Negative electrons spread out through positive "pudding"
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Rutherford Model
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After gold foil experiment, concluded that there was a small but massive nucleus
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law of Mendeleev
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there is periodicity in the elements
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group
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vertical collumn
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period
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horizontal row on the table
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representative/main group elements
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the s and p groups.
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transition metals
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the d group
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lanthanides
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rare earth metals, first period in f group
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actinides
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second period in f group
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alkali metals
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group IA; want to lose one electron
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alkaline earth metals
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group IIA; want to lose 2 electrons
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chalcogens
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want to gain two electrons
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halogens
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want to gain one electron
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atomic radius _______ as you go down a group
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increases
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atomic radius __________ as you go from left to right in a period
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decreases
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anion
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an negatively charged arom
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cation
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a positively charged atom
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ionization energy__________ as you go down a group
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decreases
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ionization energy __________ as you go from left to right in a period
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increases
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first ionization energy
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the minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom
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classical physics
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objects can have any energy along a continuous spectrum. works well for large objects
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quantum physics
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objects have discreet energies. necessary on the atomic level
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It requires _____ (more/less) energy to go from n=1 to n=2 shell than from n=2 to n=3 shell
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more
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ground state
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the state of an atom in which all the electrons have the lowest total energy
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excited state
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one or more of the electrons in an atom is located in a higher shell than its ground state
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A metal tends to _______ (gain/lose) valence electrons in a chemical reaction
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lose
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A nonmetal tends to _________ (gain/lose) valence electrons in a chemical reaction
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gain
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ionic bond
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a cation and anion each gain/lose an electron
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covalent bond
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atoms share an electron
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