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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a hydroxy acid?
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An acid with both a carboxylic acid and an OH functional group.
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What is an example of a hydroxy acid and what is it used for?
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Glycolic acid is used in chemical skin peels.
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Show hydrogen bonding between 2 propanoic acid molecules
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How to carboxylic acids compare to other functional groups in terms of polarity?
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Carboxylic acids are more polar than hydrocarbons, ketones, aldehydes, and alcohols.
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How do carboxylic acids compare to other functional groups in terms of boiling point and water solubility?
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Strong molecular hydrogen bonding gives carboxylic acids higher boiling points than other functional groups. Carboxylic acid can hydrogen bond making it very soluble in water.
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Name this compound: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH
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Heptanoic acid
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Name this compound: CH3CH2CH(CH3)COOH
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2-Methylbutanoic acid
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Name this compound: CH3CH(CH3)CH2COOH
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3-Methylbutanoic acid
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What are the reactants involved in an esterification reaction? What are the products generated in this reaction?
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Reactants: an Alcohol and an Acid
Products: an Ester and Water |
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What is an analgesic?
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Pain reducer
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What is an Atipyretic?
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Fever reducer
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What is an anti-inflammatory?
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Inflammation reducer
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What is nitroglycerin used for?
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As a vasodilator to treat heart disease.
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Primary, Secondary, or Tertiary?
CH3CH2NHCH3 |
SECONDARY
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Primary, Secondary, or Tertiary?
CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 |
PRIMARY
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How do amines compare to other functional groups in terms of boiling point?
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Amines have higher boiling points than alkanes but lower than alcohols and carboxylic acids.
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What is a central nervous stimulant?
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Any substance that stimulates the central nervous system.
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Give an example of a CNS stimulant.
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Epinephrine
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What is a neurotransmitter?
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Chemical messengers between nerve cells
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Give an example of a neurotransmitter.
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Aceylcholine
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Are amides basic?
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No, they are neutral because the OH of the carboxylic acid has been replaced with an amino group.
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What are 2 commonly used amides and what are thier general uses?
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Acetaminophen is a pain reliever
Nylon is used in clothing |
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What are the 4 general groups of biochemical substances?
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Proteins
Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids |
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Define Carbohydrate.
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A polyhydroxy aldehyde, a polyhydroxy ketone, or a compound that yields these upon hydrolysis
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What functional group is present in all carbohydrates?
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OH
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Name and describe 2 important functions of carbohydrates
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Carbohydrate oxidation provides energy
Carbohydrates for part of the structural framework of DNA and RNA molecules |
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Define monosaccharide
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a carbohydrate with a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit
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Define ogilosaccharide
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2-10 monosaccharides bonded together
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Define Disaccharide
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2 monosaccharides bonded together
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Define Polysaccharide
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many monosaccharides bonded together
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Chemical name for:
Fruit Sugar |
Fructose
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Chemical name for: Blood Sugar
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Glucose
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Chemical name for:
Grape sugar |
Glucose
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Chemical name for:
Brain Sugar |
Galactose
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Chemical name for:
Table Sugar |
Sucrose
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What is a chiral molecule?
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A chiral molecule is one whose mirror images is not superimposable
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What is a chiral center?
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A chiral center is an atom with 4 different groups bonded to it
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What is an enantiomer?
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Enantiomers are stereoisomers whos molecules are nonsuperimposable mirror images of eachother.
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What is a diastereomer?
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Diastereomers are stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images of eachother
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What is an optically active compound?
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An optically active compound is a sample which contains an excess of one enantiomer
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How do you tell if a structure is a D- or L- isomer?
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if the OH on the chiral center is on the left it is L- if its on the right it is D-
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What properties differ between D- and L- isomers?
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Solubility in chiral solvents
effect on plane polarized light |
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What type of reaction is responsible for the formation of the cyclic Haworth projection form of monosaccharides?
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Intramolecular hemiacetal reaction
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Benedicts and Tollens tests are used to test for what kind of sugars?
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Reducing sugars
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What disease is associated with glucose in the urine?
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Diabetes
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What test is typically used for glucose in the urine?
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Benedicts reagent
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What is the linkage between monosaccharides in a disaccharide called
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Glycosidic linkage
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What is Galactosemia?
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A deficiency of one or more enzymes needed to convert galactose to glucose..
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Give an example of a storage polysaccharide in plants and animals.
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Plants: Starch
Animals: Glycogen |
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Name the 2 components of starch.
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Amylose and Amylopectin
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Which component of starch is branched and which is linear?
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Amylopectin is branched and Amylose is linear.
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define homopolysaccharide and heteropolysaccharide
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Homopolysaccharides contain only one type of monosaccharide
Heteropolysaccharides contain more than one type of monosaccharide |
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Give an example of a structural polysaccharide in animals and plants.
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Animals: Chitin
Plants: Cellulose |
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What structural polysaccharide is the major component of dietary fiber?
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Cellulose
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What is the difference between dietary simple and complex carbohydrates?
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Simple is usually sweet and complex is not.
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What is a lipid
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An organic compound found in living organisms that is insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents
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describe 2 fuctions of lipids
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Energy storage
membrane formation |
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What is a fatty acid?
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A fatty acid is a naturally occuring monocarboxyilic acid that makes up part of a complex lipid molecule that is usually 4 to 26 carbons long.
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What is an Omega 3 fatty acid?
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A fatty acid with the double bond 3 carbons away from the methyl end of the fatty acid
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What is an omega 6 fatty acid?
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A fatty acid with the double bond 6 carbons away from the methyl end
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What effects water solubility of fatty acids?
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Water solubility decreases as carbon chain length increases
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What effects melting points of fatty acids
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melting point increases with chain length but decreases with the number of double bonds
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Which has a higher melting point?
18:0 or 18:1 |
18:0
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Which has a higher melting point?
14:0 or 16:0 |
16:0
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Which is more water soluble?
12:0 or 20:0 |
12:0
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What are the 4 structural subunits that contribute to the structer of a triacylglycerol
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Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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what is an essential fatty acid
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An essential fatty aid is a fatty acid required in the human diet.
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give an example of an essential fatty acid.
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Linoleic Acid
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What are essential fatty acids used for in the body
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Cell membrane structure and as starting materials for longer chain fatty acids.
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How is soap made?
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Animal fat is heated with a strong base to produce 3 fatty acids and one glycerol molecule
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