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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is ionic bonding?
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Electrostatic attraction between opppositely charged ions. 3D lattice arrangement. High MP & BP.
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What about covalent bonding?
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Shared pair of electrons. Stronger covalent bonds, but weak forces of attraction between the intermolecular forces between molecules.
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Giant Covalent Structure:
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Strong covalent bonds, lots of energy, insoluble in water. Diamond - 4 covalent bonds. Graphite - 3 layers, can slide over each other. Free electrons, used as a lubricant.
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What is an isotope?
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Different forms of the same atom with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
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What is Avagadro's constant?
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6 x 10 to the power of 23.
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Why can ionic substances conduct electricity?
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Ionic compounds have a lattice of + and - ions, current is when ions are free there's a sea of delocalised electrons.
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What is formed at the cathode and anode for the following? Sulfuric acid? Sodium Chloride? Copper Sulfate?
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1) Hydrogen and OH.
2) Hydrogen and Chlorine. 3) Copper and OH. |
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Group 7 colours:
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Fluorine, Pale Yellow.
Chlorine, Green. Bromine, Brown. Iodine, Dark Grey. |
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Acid + Metal >
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Salt + Hydrogen
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How can you prevent rusting?
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In order to prevent Iron + water + Oxygen > Iron (III) Hydrated Oxide. You can paint, oil, grease, or galvanise with a sacrificial anode.
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What's the catalyst for forming Oxygen through Hydrogen Peroxide?
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Manganese Oxide.
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Iron & Phosphorus can test how much Oxygen is in the air. What's the catalyst?
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Acetic Acid
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What happens when magnesium and carbon are burned with Oxygen?
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White flame + powder, C - yellow flame, CO2 produced. Sulfur - blue.
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Why is CO2 good and bad?
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Greenhouse gases, insulating layer, radiation is trapped. Deforestation. Climate change..
Used in carbonated drinks, and fire extinguishers. |
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Cation Tests:
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Flame:
Li - red, Ca - black/red, K - lilac, Na - Orange. Precipitate Hydroxide: Copper - Blue. Iron (III) brown. Iron (II), green. |
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Test for Anions: Carbonates, Sulfates, and Halides.
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Carboantes: HCl, give off CO2.
Sulfates: HCl, Barium Chloride - white precipitate. HCl gets rid of Carbonate. Halides: Nitric acid, silver nitrate. Chlorine - white, Bromine - cream, Iodine - yellow. |
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Ethene + Steam, Conditions. Pros and Cons.
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60-70 atmos. 300c. Phosphoric acid catalyst.
It's fast, pure, but a finite resource. It needs expensive equipment, but has low labour costs. |
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Fermentation. Go!
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Slow, impure, sugar is renewable, cheap equipment. High labour costs. Only 30c needed, can be used for alcohol.
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Ethanol can be dehydrated. What does is produce, and what is the catalyst?
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Ethene needs an Aluminium catalyst. Broken down intro C2H4 and water.
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Acid + Metal Oxide >
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Salt + Water
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Acid + Metal Carbonate >
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Salt + Water + CO2
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Soluble salts?
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Sodium, potassium, ammonium, nitrates, chlorides, sulfates.
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Insoluble salts?
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Carboantes, Barium Sul& Calcium Sulfate, Silver Chloride.
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Techniques for making salts?
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Insoluble: Precipitation.
Soluble: Acid + Insoluble Base. Titration. |
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What 4 factors affect the rate of reaction?
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Temperature, concentration, catalyst, size of particles.
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When bonds are formed, what sort of enthalpy change is it?
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Exothermic.
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When the temp increases, what side does it favour?
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The endothermic reaction.
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What conditions are required for the extraction of Aluminium?
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Cryolite to lower the temperature. Graphite elctrodes. Bauxite.
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What are some uses of Iron and Aluminium?
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Iron - Railings, steel.
Aluminium: Doesn't corrode easily 0 drinking cans, foil. High strength to weight ratio. Dense. |
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Why is acid rain dangerous?
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Lakes become acidic. Corrodes limestone buildings.
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Cracking conditions?
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Silica + Aluminium Oxide catalyst. 600C.
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Uses of Poly(Eth), Poly(Prop), and Chloro(Ethene).
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Bags, kettles, clothes.
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Conditions of the Haber Process
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200 atmospheres, 450c, Iron Catalyst.
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Conditions for the Contact Process?
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450C. Vanadium Oxide catalyst. 2 atmospheres.
1) S+O2 > SO2 2) 2SO2 + O2 > 2SO3. 3) SO3 + H2SO4 > H2S2O7. 4) H2S2O7 + H2O > 2H2SO4. |
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Uses from the contact process?
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Fertiliser, detergent, paint.
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Brine: What's formed at each electrode?
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Cathode: Hydrogen.
Anode: Chlorine. Hydroxide ions left in the solution. |
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What is Chlorine, Hydrogen and Sodium Hydroxide used for?
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Bleach & HCl,
Margarine, Soap. |
