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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
what is chemistry ? |
Chemistry Is the study of the composition and structure of matter and the changes it undergoes
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Isotopes
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Same Proton no . but diff neutron no .
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Necleon = ?
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Atomic mass
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Atomic Mass = ?
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Proton + Neutron
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Cations
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Kalau Nak Cahwin Mesti Ada Zakar Flexible Suka Perempuan Hot Can Auu Auu .
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Anion
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Free Sex No Condom But It's okay
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Matter
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Anything that occupies space and has mass .
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John Dalton
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1) Indivisible particles Atoms 2) Atoms cannot be created or destroyed 3) atoms are alike 4) simple ratio
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ALL WRONG . 1) subatomic particles P. E. N. 2) They are radioactive . Transmutation 3) some are isotopes
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J. J. Thomson
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Positive particles as Electrons
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raisin pudding
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Ernest Rutherford
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Positive charged nucleus with a cloud of electrons surrounding the nucleus
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Neils Bohr
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Electron shells surrounding the nucleus
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James Chadwick
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The nucleus of the atom contains protons and neutrons and the nucleus is surrounded by electrons
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Proton number
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Number of protons in the atom . Atomic number
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RAM
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Relative Atomic Mass . The comparison of the mass of an atom to another . ½ of carbon – 12 atom
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Empirical formula
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The simplest ratio but does not show the actual number of mole atom each element in it . 1) MASS 2) NUMBER OF MOLES 3) RATIO
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Molecular formula
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Mass fixed . Shows exact mole atom of each constituent element
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Magnesium Ribbon Empirical formula
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Crucible lid
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Ribbon should be clean with sand paper . The lid should be lifted from time to time to allow oxygen in . The lid should be placed back on the lid crucible to prevent magnesium from escaping .
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Copper Oxide Empirical formula
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hydrogen gas Make sure all air in the combustion and glass tube are expelled . During the experiment , flow of dry hydrogen must be steady and continuous . Cooling process follows the same , to prevent hot copper reacting with oxygen in the air .
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Antoine Lavoisier
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groups . Did not work , had silica light heat
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Johann W. Dobereiner
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Gorup of triads . Failed because it only had a few elements
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John Newlands
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law of octaves . failed . incompleteness – undiscovered elements
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Lothar Meyer
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Atomic weights
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Dmitri Mendeleev
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Atomic mass
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Henry G. J. Moseley
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According to the increase in proton numbers
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Ionic bonds
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Transfers of electrons
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Covalent bonds
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Sharing of electrons
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Helium
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Airship . weatherballoon . divers – 80% of helium and 20% of oxygen
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Argon
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Filament
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Neon
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Advertising light . Television Tubes
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Krypton
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Laser surgery
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Xenon
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lighthouse lamps
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Radon
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cancer treatment
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Electrolytes
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compound solid which conducts electricity in molten and have free moving ions when they are dissolved in water .
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Electrolysis
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Is the breakdown of a substance by electricity .
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Electrodes
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any terminal by which an electric current goes in or come out of a conducting substance .
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Electrolytic cell |
Electric => Chemical . Anode : Ions loses electron to form atoms Cathode : Ions accept electrons to form atoms ( Only for rule 1 and 2 ) |
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Three rules
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The position of ECS . Concerntration . Type of Electrode . 1) Lowest in ECS . 2) Highest for anode in ECS except the first three . 3) anode uses the electrode .
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Voltaic cell |
Chemical => Electricity Anode : Atoms loses electron to form Atoms. Cathode : Ions accept electrons to form Atoms . Only for rule 3 and voltaic cell |
Rule 3 - Cathode (-) Anode (+) Voltaic cell - positive terminal ( less Electropositive metal ) , (-) more Electropositive metal |
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Simple/ Daniell
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Very easily constructed . Voltage decreases over time . Not easily used because of its liquid electrode
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dry Cell
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Electrolyte paste . Easy Carry . Constant voltage various size . Xrecharged , Xlong lasting . Leakage . Low voltage
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Lead-Acid Accumulator
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Long lasting . High volatge , high output current . rechargeable . Xeasy carry . HIgh cost . Leakage when not used . Lead plate easily corrode
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Alkaline cell
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no liquid electrolyte . Last longer than dry cell . Constant current . High cost . Xrecharged . Leakage .
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Mercury cell
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Very mobile . Easily used . Small size . Long lasting . Constant voltage . High cost . Xrecharged . Xenvironment friendly
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Nickel-cadmium cell
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Rechargeable . Very mobile . No liquid electrolyte . Smaller size than acc . Needs a transformer to recharge . High cost .
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Acid
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Produces Hydrogen ions when dissolved in water Arhenius definition of an acid
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Confirmatory test for Fe2+
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potassium hexacynoferrate (II) K4Fe(CN)6
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Pale Blue p . Potassium Hexacyanoferrate(III) K3Fe(CN)6
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Confirmatory test for Fe3+
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potassium hexacynoferrate (II) K4Fe(CN)6
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Deep blue p. Potassium Hexacynoferrate (III) K3Fe(CN)6 Brownish-green solution . Potassium thiocyanate KSCN
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Test for Led (II) Ions Potassium Iodide
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Yellow p . soluble in boiling H2O
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Sodium chloride
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White p . soluble in hot H2O
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Sulphuric acid
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White p . Insoluble in excess H2SO4
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Reaction with carbonates
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Cu => Blue p soluble in excess to form deep blue solution Mg=> White p Al=> White p Fe2+=> Pale green p Fe3+=> reddish brown p Pb => White p Zn => White p
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Reaction with Potassium Iodide
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Cu => White p in brown solution Mg=> NR Al=> NR Fe2+ => NR Fe3+=> Reddish brown solution Pb => yellow p soluble on boiling Zn=> NR |
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Chloride Ions |
nitric acid + silver nitrate => aqueous chloride solution , white precipitate formed |
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Nitrate ion |
Dilute H2SO4 + freshly prepared FE(2)Sulphate + Conc . H2SO4 - stir - tilt , brown ring formed |
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Carbonate Ions |
Dilute nitric acid => solid carbonate salt , limewater turns chalky |
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Sulphate ion |
Dilute HCL + aqueous barium chloride / Ba(NO3)2 => aqueous sulphate solution , white precipitate formed |
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