Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
1058 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are some common descriptors for wines made from Syrah?
|
Eye: deep purple/ruby
Nose/Flavor: Blackberry, eucalyptus, wild herbs, violets, blackpepper, bacon fat, pepperoni, leather. Palate Weight: medium to medium+ acidity. Medium tannin. Medium to full bodied. Medium to high alcohol. |
|
What are the guidelines for matching a sweet dish with a sweet wine?
|
The sweetness of the wine must match or exceed the sweetness of the dish.
|
|
If a dish is more acidic than the wine, the wine will taste...
|
Flabby. The wine's acidity should match that of the dish.
|
|
What are some characteristics of wines made from Touriga Nacional?
|
Eye: Deep ruby color
Nose/Flavor: Mulberry, licorice, violets Palate Weight: High acidity, high tannin |
|
How does sweetness effect acidity?
|
It accentuates it
|
|
How does sweetness effect sweetness?
|
It reduces it
|
|
What do fat and protein effect in a wine?
|
They reduce the perception of tannin
|
|
How does salt effect tannin?
|
It reduces the perception of it
|
|
What are the best soils for Tempranillo?
|
Limestone and clay
|
|
What are the best soils for Syrah/Shiraz?
|
Rocky, well-drained
|
|
What are the best soils for Sangiovese?
|
Clay, limestone and shale
|
|
What are the best soils for Pinot Noir?
|
Limestone
|
|
What are the best soils for Nebbiolo?
|
Calcareous marl
|
|
What are the best soils for Merlot?
|
Clay and limestone. Tolerant of cool, wet soils.
|
|
What are the best soils for Grenache?
|
Rocky, well-drained.
|
|
What are the best soils for Gamay?
|
Sand, clay and granite.
|
|
What are the best soils for Cabernet Sauvignon?
|
Warm, heat-retaining gravel, terra rossa limestone, and well-drained alluvium.
|
|
What are the best soils for Cabernet Franc?
|
- Clay, gravel, sandstone
- Tolerant of cool, wet soils |
|
What are the best soils for Sauvignon/Fume Blanc?
|
Chalk, gravel, loam, flint and marl.
|
|
What are the best soils for Riesling?
|
Slate and sandy loam. Best results from nutrient poor, heat-retaining soils.
|
|
What are the best soils for Pinot Gris/Grigio?
|
Warm, deep soils
|
|
What are the best soils for Muscat?
|
Very adaptable
|
|
What are the best soils for Gewurztraminer?
|
Deep, well-drained loam and clay
|
|
What are the best soils for Zinfandel?
|
Well-drained alluvium
|
|
What are the classic regions for Chardonnay?
|
France/ Burgundy/ Chablis, Meursault, Pouilly-Fuisse
US/ California/ Napa and Sonoma |
|
What are the classic regions for Sauvignon Blanc?
|
France/ Loire Valley/ Sancerre, Pouilly-Fume.
Bordeaux/ Graves (blend with Semillon). New Zealand/ South Island/ Marlborough. |
|
What are the classic regions for Riesling?
|
Germany/ Mosel-Saar-Ruwer
France/ Alsace Australia/ South Australia/ Clare Valley/ 60 miles north of Adelaide |
|
What are the classic regions for Pinot Gris/Grigio?
|
France/ Alsace
Italy/ Trentino Alto-Adige |
|
What are the classic regions for Gewurztraminer?
|
France/ Alsace
|
|
What are the classic regions for Gruner Veltliner?
|
Austria/ Wachau
|
|
What are the classic regions for Viognier?
|
France/ Northern Rhone/ Condrieu
USA/ California/ Central Coast |
|
What are the classic regions for Chenin Blanc?
|
France/ Loire Valley/ Touraine/ Vouvray, Savennieres
South Africa/ Stellenbosch, Paarl |
|
What are the classic regions for Melon de Bourgogne?
|
France/ Loire Valley/ Pays Nantais/ Muscadet, Muscadet Sevre-et-Maine, Muscadet Coteaux de la Loire, Muscadet Cotes de Grandlieu (as the wine known as Muscadet).
|
|
What are the classic regions for Albarinho?
|
Spain/ Galicia/ Rias-Baixas
Portugal/ (as Vinho Verde) Alvarinho, Loureiro, Trajadura |
|
What are the classic regions for Pinot Noir?
|
France/ Burgundy/ Cotes d'Or/ Cotes de Nuits, Cote de Beaune
USA/ California/ Sonoma, Central Coast. Oregon/ Willamette Valley, Dundee Hills New Zealand/ South Island/ Central Otago |
|
What are the classic regions for Gamay Noir?
|
France/ Burgundy/ Beaujolais
|
|
What are the classic regions for Nebbiolo?
|
Italy/ Piedmont/ Barolo, Barbaresco
|
|
What are the classic regions for Sangiovese?
|
Italy/ Tuscany/ Chianti, Brunello di Montalcino
|
|
What are the classic regions for Corvina, Rondinella, and Molinara?
|
Italy/ Veneto/ Valpolicella
|
|
What are the classic regions for Syrah/Shiraz?
|
France/ Northern Rhone/ Hermitage, Crozes-Hermitage, Cornas, Cote Rotie. Southern Rhone/ Cotes du Rhone (as a blend with Grenache)
USA/ California/ Sonoma and Napa Australia/ South Australia/ Barossa, Mclaren Vale |
|
What are the classic regions for Zinfandel?
|
USA/ California/ Napa County. Sonoma County/ Dry Creek Valley
|
|
What are the classic regions for Cabernet Sauvignon?
|
France/ Bordeaux/ Left Bank/ Haut-Medoc/ St.-Estephe, Pauillac, St.-Julien, Margaux (as a blend with Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Petite Verdot, and Malbec.)
USA/ California/ Napa, Alexander Valley |
|
What are the classic regions for Cabernet Franc?
|
France/ Loire Valley/ Touraine/ Chinon
France/ Bordeaux/ Right Bank/ St.-Emilion, Pomerol (as a blend with Merlot). |
|
What are the classic regions for Merlot?
|
France/ Bordeaux/ Right Bank/ St.-Emilion, Pomerol (as a blend with Cabernet Franc)
USA/ California/ Napa |
|
What are the classic regions for Grenache?
|
France/ Southern Rhone/ Gigondas, Chateauneuf-du-Pape (as a blend with Syrah, Mourvedre, Cinsault)
|
|
What are the classic regions for Tempranillo?
|
Spain/ Rioja
|
|
What are the classic regions for Malbec?
|
Argentina/ Mendoza
France/ Southwest/ Cahors (as a minimum 70% blend) |
|
What are the classic regions for Pinotage?
|
South Africa/ Stellenbosch, Paarl
|
|
A refractometer measures...?
|
Sugar levels
|
|
What imparts more flavor to a wine, new oak or old oak?
|
New oak
|
|
What is MLF?
|
Malolactic Fermentation. The conversion of harsh malic acid into soft lactic acid.
|
|
What are the three byproducts of fermentation?
|
Alcohol
Carbon dioxide Heat |
|
What are the two rose wine-making processes?
|
1) Saignee; allowing short skin contact to "stain" the wine.
2) Blending; adding small amounts of red wine to white wine. |
|
What is Saccharomyces Cerevisiae?
|
The most common species of wine yeast.
|
|
What are the four main methods of sparkling wine production?
|
1) Methode Traditional or Methode Champenoise.
2) Charmat Method, Tank Method, or Cuve Close. 3) Transfer Method. 4) Bicycle Pump or Coca-Cola method. |
|
What is must weight?
|
The measure of sugar content in unfermented grape juice.
|
|
What is Pigeage?
|
Punching down the cap
|
|
What is Remontage?
|
Pumping over the cap
|
|
What are a few things used in fining wine?
|
- Egg whites (especially in Oregon)
- Clay, Bentonite - Pig's Blood (especially in southern France) |
|
What is the cause of VA (volatile acidity)?
|
Bacteria
|
|
What is a Chai?
|
A barrel aging house. Especially in Bordeaux where very few Chateaux have underground cellars.
|
|
To which wine does the statement, "Cat's pee on a gooseberry bush", most belong to?
|
New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc
|
|
What do Furmint, Riesling, and Chenin Blanc all have in common?
|
They are all aromatic whites
|
|
What are the four sweetness levels of Madeira?
|
-Sercial
-Verdelho -Bual -Malmsey |
|
What Christian order was responsible for the proliferation of vineyards in Burgundy in the 1100's?
|
Cistercian Monks
|
|
Approximately when were the first vines cultivated for wine production?
|
5,000 BC
|
|
Where were the first vines cultivated for wine production?
|
Transcaucasia/Mesopotamia
|
|
To grow, a grapevine must have how many hours of sunshine and how many millimeters of rain?
|
- 1500 hours
- 700 mm |
|
A fundamental difference between red wine production and white wine production is when the pressing is done. True or False?
|
True. White wine is pressed before fermentation. Red wine is pressed after fermentation.
|
|
Between which two latitudes do grapes grow best?
|
30 and 50
|
|
What is the first thing to smell for when "nosing" a wine in a tasting situation?
|
Flaws and faults
|
|
The practice of turning grapes into wine is called...?
|
Vinification
|
|
What louse and its eponymous disease completely decimated Europe's vineyards in the late 1800's?
|
Phylloxera
|
|
What are three major types of wine labels?
|
- Regional
- Varietal - Branded |
|
What is a fortified wine?
|
A wine that has extra alcohol added to it
|
|
Name a few fortified wines.
|
- Sherry
- Port - Madeira |
|
Name two fruits commonly associated with Sauvignon Blanc.
|
- Grapefruit
- Lime - Gooseberry |
|
Is Sauvignon Blanc more likely to see stainless steel fermentation in Marlborough or Graves?
|
Marlborough
|
|
In the US, what is the minimum percentage of a varietal that a varietally labeled wine must contain?
|
75%
|
|
In the US, what is the minimum percentage from a given vintage that a vintage-labeled wine must contain?
|
95%
|
|
What is the principal flavor note of a wine that has been through MLF?
|
Buttery
|
|
What is the chemical compound that causes a wine to taste buttery after MLF?
|
Diacetyl
|
|
Grapes with higher sugar contents will produce wines with higher...
|
Alcohol
|
|
Grapes with high sugar content are more likely from what type of climate?
|
Hotter
|
|
Chardonnay is susceptible to an early...
|
Frost
|
|
What two things must be on every bottle of wine?
|
- Alcohol % by volume
- The volume of the container |
|
When tasting, what are the F.E.W.?
|
- Fruit
- Earth - Wood |
|
What is the scientific name of Noble Rot?
|
Botrytis Cinerea
|
|
What are the two main acids we taste in a wine?
|
- Tartaric acid
- Malic Acid |
|
Which vinification technique causes a Chardonnay to develope "toasty" characteristics?
|
Oak Aging
|
|
What is the one exception to the rule that a wine's body must match the food's body when pairing the two?
|
Intensity. A lighter bodied wine with high intensity will still pair well with a fuller-bodied dish.
|
|
Which white wine has lower acidity and higher alcohol as well as a "lychee nut" fruit aroma?
|
Gewurztraminer
|
|
What is the proper serving temperature of light white wines and sparkling wines?
|
41 to 47 degrees F.
|
|
What is the proper serving temperature for full white and light red wines?
|
44 to 54 degrees F.
|
|
What is the proper serving temperature for medium to full red wines?
|
55 to 65 degrees F.
|
|
What is the proper serving temperature for dessert wines?
|
41 to 47 degrees F.
|
|
Why are dessert wines served at lower temperatures?
|
To showcase their acidity.
|
|
What is the single most important aspect to consider when serving Champagne?
|
Safety!
|
|
At what point while opening a bottle of sparkling wine does it become the most dangerous?
|
After untwisting the cage!
|
|
Where should a bottle of sparkling wine be pointed while opening it?
|
At a 45 degree angle AWAY from people.
|
|
How does one ensure control of the cork when opening sparkling wine?
|
Place your thumb firmly over the top of the cork.
|
|
What are two reasons for decanting a wine?
|
1) To remove sediment.
2) To allow the wine to "open up". 3) To adjust the temperature of the wine. 4) For presentation/show. |
|
What are "white diamonds" for on the underside of a cork or in the bottle?
|
Tartaric crystals. Harmless accumulations from the wine having been exposed to low temperatures.
|
|
Muscat and Pinot Gris can be found as both a white and a black grape. True or False?
|
True
|
|
Name the four main grapes of Burgundy.
|
Pinot Noir
Chardonnay Gamay Aligote |
|
What are the characteristics of a "corked" wine?
|
Wet cardboard, moldy newspaper, sweaty socks, damp basement.
|
|
What features of Cabernet Sauvignon make it an ideal candidate for aging?
|
- High tannins
- High acidity - Good fruit concentration |
|
What type of soil in Germany gives Riesling its greatest expression?
|
Slate
|
|
How are the aromatic features of Muscat retained during primary fermentation?
|
By controlling a cooler, longer fermentation.
|
|
What part of the fermentation process is traditionally inhibited in Gewurztraminer after alcoholic fermentation?
|
Malolactic Fermentation
|
|
To what is Pinot Noir most susceptible?
|
Frost
|
|
Despite all the professionalism of the sommelier, what careless little error most often threatens to discredit the sommelier when assisting a guest with the wine list?
|
Spelling mistakes
(Seriously, just go over the list a couple times and have someone else do the same, before you print it). |
|
Which grape is more acidic, Riesling or Gewurztraminer?
|
Riesling
|
|
When does the fortification take place in port production as opposed to sherry production?
|
Port is fortified before fermentation has completed. Sherry is fortified after fermentation has completed.
|
|
In their youth, highly tannic wines like Cabernet Sauvignon, Nebbiolo, and Sangiovese Grosso can be...
a. Cloying b. Hot c. Astringent d. Flabby |
c. Astringent
|
|
Name some wood-aged styles of port.
|
- Tawny
- Ruby - LBV - White Port - Colheita |
|
Name some bottle-aged styles of port.
|
- Vintage
- "Crusted" - Single Quinta |
|
Why do the makers of screwcap enclosures contend that their wines can stand upright on a shelf unlike bottles with corks?
|
Bottles with corks need to lay flat so the cork stays wet and swollen, sealing out air. Without a cork to need swelling, screwcaps need not lay flat.
|
|
Methode Traditionelle applies to which of the following wines?
a. Sekt b. Muscat de Beaumes de Venise c. Cava d. Barolo e. Asti Spumante |
c. Cava
|
|
What is the proper cellar temperature and humidity?
|
- 55 degrees F.
- 75% humidity |
|
What grape variety is used to make Beaujolais?
|
Gamay
|
|
Merlot is the prominant grape variety in what French Region?
|
Right Bank Bordeaux
|
|
How does the color of white wine change as it ages?
|
It becomes darker; yellow and eventually amber
|
|
What are the main grape varieties in Champagne?
|
- Chardonnay
- Pinot Noir - Pinot Meunier |
|
What are the main grapes for Sherry?
|
- Palomino
- Pedro Ximenez (PX) - Muscatelle |
|
What are the 6 main grapes for Port?
|
- Touriga Nacional
- Tinta Roriz (Tempranillo) - Touriga Francesa - Tinta Barroca - Tinta Amarela - Tinta Cao |
|
What are the 5 main grapes of red Bordeaux?
|
- Cabernet Sauvignon
- Merlot - Cabernet Franc - Petite Verdot - Malbec |
|
What is the sixth grape variety of red Bordeaux, rarely used anymore?
|
Carmenere
|
|
What are the 3 main grapes of white Bordeaux?
|
- Savignon Blanc
- Semillon - Muscadelle |
|
Where does the secondary fermentation take place when using the Methode Traditionelle to make sparkling wine?
|
In the bottle
|
|
List 2 wines that are at their best when young and fresh.
|
- Beaujolais Nouveau
- Sauvignon Blanc |
|
What are two requirements for a wine to age well?
|
- High Acidity
- High Tannin - Lower Alcohol - High Fruit Concentration |
|
List 3 wines that age well.
|
- Fine red Bordeaux
- Barolo - Chateauneuf-du-Pape - Vintage Champagne |
|
What are a few factors that can affect the way a wine ages in the cellar?
|
- Light
- Humidity - Temperature - Vibration |
|
What is the Italian vine recently found to be related to Zinfandel?
|
Primativo
|
|
What is the name of the boats traditionally used to ferry port down the river Duoro?
|
Barcos Riveros
|
|
What 3 elements are important for good quality soil?
|
- Drainage/Depth
- Poor Nutrients - Good Heat Retention - Lack of Surface Nitrogen (causes roots to grow horizontally instead of downward). |
|
How does a winemaker control MLF?
|
- Use of Sulpher
- Temperature Control |
|
When does MLF occur in the fermentation process?
|
After primary fermentation
|
|
Which white wine is particularly suited for MLF?
|
Chardonnay
|
|
In Champagne, the color in most rose wines is acquired by using which method?
|
Blending
|
|
What are the three major ways of controlling oxidation in the winery?
|
- Controlling anaerobic conditions; keeping everything well sealed, topping-up barrels etc.
- Use of Sulpher - Temperature Control |
|
What is the main purpose behind proper service temperatures in all wines?
|
To obtain the most ideal balance between each of the wine's qualities.
|
|
What is the main reason for pruning vines?
|
To control yield
|
|
If you taste a "doughy" or "yeasty" note in a still wine, what vinification method was used?
|
- Aging on the lees
- Batonnage (stirring of the lees) |
|
In the Northern Hemisphere, what process of the vine is endangered by March frosts?
|
Budbreak
|
|
What are phenolic compounds?
|
Tannins and pigments
|
|
A young red Bordeaux served at 50 degrees F. will probably come off as harsh or astringent. Why?
|
Hard tannins and high acidity
|
|
What is a pneumatic press?
|
An air-filled bladder or air-bag inflated to perform the pressing of the grapes.
|
|
What does the term "maceration" refer to?
|
The "soaking" of the grape skins in the grape juice.
|
|
Gobelet and Bilateral Cordon are examples of what type of vine-training?
|
Spur
|
|
Single Guyot and Double Guyot are examples of what type of vine-training?
|
Cane
|
|
What is the single most important factor affecting a grape's sugar, and subsequent potential alcohol?
|
Sunlight
|
|
Battonage is French for...
|
Stirring the lees
|
|
What is the French term for "pumping over the cap"?
|
Remontage
|
|
What is the French term for "punching down the cap"?
|
Pigeage
|
|
Generally speaking, and subject to obvious debate, what is the best wine in the world?
|
Domaine Romanee-Conti (DRC)
|
|
Generally speaking, and subject to obvious debate, what is the greatest wine ever made?
|
1945 Chateau d'Yquem
|
|
Name the main grape varieties grown on the Left Bank of Bordeaux.
|
- Cabernet Sauvignon
- Merlot - Cabernet Franc - Petite Verdot - Malbec |
|
Name the main grape varieties grown on the Right Bank of Bordeaux.
|
- Merlot
- Cabernet Franc |
|
What is the French word for "varietal"?
|
Cepage
|
|
What 2 organizations regulate wine in France?
|
- INAO
- SdRdF |
|
What are the respective mandates of the INAO and the SdRdF?
|
- The INAO sets the regulations for wine in France.
- The SdRdF polices those regulations. |
|
Name 3 of the 6 major wine districts in Burgundy?
|
- Chablis
- Cote de Nuits - Cote de Beaune - Chalonaise - Maconnaise - Beaujolais |
|
Chablis utilizes Mechanical Harvesting and Stainless Steel aging. True or False?
|
True
|
|
Name 4 areas of wine production/growing law which the AOC system controls to prevent fraud.
|
- Labeling
- Yield - Varietals - Harvesting Techniques - Pruning - Chaptalization Regulations - Minimum Potential Alcohol - Level of Ripeness - Potential Oaking |
|
Name 3 viticultural hazards for Burgundy.
|
- Hail
- Frost - Fungal disease due to rain at harvest |
|
Why is it important to study vintage in Bordeaux?
|
The weather varies greatly
|
|
Of the following vintages, which 2 are considered to be the best for Bordeaux? 1982, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1994, 2001.
|
1982 and 1990
|
|
What are classic dishes for the Chablis region?
|
- Oysters
- Escargo (snails) |
|
What are the classic dishes for the Cote d'Or?
|
- Coq au Vin
- Duck |
|
What are the classic dishes for Bordeaux?
|
- Lamb
- Beef - Bordelais sauce |
|
What was the Clissification of Bordeaux Chateaux for the Left Bank based upon?
|
Prices paid over the previous one hundred years
|
|
What year was the Classification of Bordeaux?
|
1855
|
|
What is the major beneficial mold found in Sauternes, Barsac, and Cadillac in the southern Left Bank?
|
Botrytis Cinerea
|
|
What are the predominant differences between New World and Old World wines?
|
New World wines are generally "fruit forward" while Old World wines are more earth noted
|
|
Name 2 of the 4 Departments of Burgundy.
|
- Yonne
- Cote d'Or - Soane et Loire - Rhone |
|
How many vineyards have the name "Montrachet" in them in the Cote de Beaune?
|
5
|
|
A wine with an alcohol level of 13% is considered to be at what level, low, medium, or high?
|
Medium
|
|
New Zealand's Central Otago is best known for what grape?
|
Pinot Noir
|
|
What are the 5 vineyards in the Cote de Beaune that have the name Montrachet in them?
|
1) Le Montrachet
2) Chevalier-Montrachet 3) Batard-Montrachet 4) Criots-Batard-Montrachet 5) Bienvenues-Batard-Montrachet |
|
Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc, and Chardonnay from Chablis are all considered to have what level of natural acidity?
|
High
|
|
Cabernet Sauvignon, Nebbiolo, and Sangiovese are all considered to have what level of natural acidity?
|
High
|
|
Chardonnay from California and Australia, as well as Gewurztraminer and Marsanne are all considered to have what level of natural acidity?
|
Low
|
|
Merlot, Tempranillo, and Grenache are all considered to have what level of natural acidity?
|
Low
|
|
Pinot Blanc, Muscat, and Viognier are all considered to have what level of natural acidity?
|
Medium
|
|
Pinot Noir, Barbera, Gamay Noir, Cabernet Franc, and Syrah are all considered to have what level of natural acidity?
|
Medium
|
|
What are a few white wine grapes with medium natural acidity?
|
- Pinot Blanc
- Muscat - Viognier |
|
What are a few red wine grapes with medium natural acidity?
|
- Pinot Noir
- Barbera - Gamay Noir - Cabernet Franc - Syrah |
|
What are a few red wine grapes with high natural acidity?
|
- Cabernet Sauvignon
- Sangiovese - Nebbiolo |
|
What are a few white wine grapes with high natural acidity?
|
- Riesling
- Chardonnay (from Chablis) - Sauvignon Blanc |
|
What are a few white wine grapes that have low natural acidity?
|
- Chardonnay (from California and Australia)
- Gewurztraminer - Marsanne |
|
What is the classic region for Syrah in Australia?
|
South Australia/ Barrosa Valley
|
|
What is QmP?
|
- Qualitatswein mit Pradikat
- German wine quality classification based on sugar level at harvest. |
|
List the QmP levels in order.
|
- Kabinett
- Spatlese - Auslese - Beerenauslese - Eiswein - Trockenbeerenauslese |
|
What is QbA?
|
Qualitatswein bestimmter Anbaugebeit
|
|
How many Anbaugebeit are specified for QbA?
|
13
|
|
What is a Bereich?
|
In Germany, a wine district within an Anbaugebiet
|
|
What is a Grosslage?
|
A German collective of vineyards
|
|
What is a Einzellage?
|
A German vineyard
|
|
In German wine law, what ranks higher, QmP or QbA?
|
QmP
|
|
In German wine law, what are the 3 categories defining wine quality?
|
1) DTW
2) QbA 3) QmP |
|
What is the highest category in Italian wine law?
|
DOCG
|
|
Super Tuscans are labeled under which Italian wine category?
|
IGT
|
|
What is the lowest level of Italian wine categories?
|
Vino de Tavola (VDT)
|
|
What are a few examples of aromas and flavors that are a result of "Bouquet" on red wine?
|
- Leather
- Licorice - Coffee - Dried fruit - Cedar - Winter/Christmas spices |
|
What are some effects of aging on red wine?
|
- Bright, fresh colors succomb to browning
- Tannins soften - Sediment precipitates - Volume decreases - The wine acquires "Bouquet" |
|
What are some effects of aging on white wine?
|
- The color darkens to gold and then amber
- Volume decreases - The wine acquires "Bouquet" |
|
What are a few examples of aromas and flavors that are a result of "Bouquet" on white wine?
|
- Baked apple
- Caramel - Winter/Christmas spice - Wet wool |
|
Why is a high fruit flavor concentration a necessity for a wine to age well?
|
The fruit characteristics need to be concentrated enough to survive the breakdown of time.
|
|
For your wine cellar, if given the choice of high humidity vs. low humidity, which is better?
|
High
|
|
When designing a wine cellar, why is it important to avoid certain wood preservatives?
|
A lot of them can foster the occurance of TCA
|
|
What is the name of the small air-filled space in a bottle of wine between the wine and the cork called?
|
Ullage
|
|
Why is it important to store bottles on their side?
|
To keep the cork in contact with the wine so it doesn't dry out.
|
|
What is "topping up"?
|
Replacing lost wine in a bottle or barrel.
|
|
Name the four grape varieties labeled Grand Cru in Alsace.
|
- Riesling
- Gewurztraminer - Muscat - Pinot Gris |
|
In Alsace, what is an important commonality between Pinot Gris, Gewurztraminer, Muscat, and Riesling?
|
The are all allowed for Alsace Grand Cru
|
|
What is the fifth grape allowed for Grand Cru Alsace?
|
Sylvaner
|
|
What is the one exception vineyard allowing Sylvaner for Grand Cru Alsace?
|
Zotzenberg
|
|
What are the four AOC regions in the Loire Valley?
|
1) Pays Nantais
2) Anjou-Saumur 3) Touraine 4) Le Centre (Central Vineyards) |
|
What is Anjou-Saumur?
|
An AOC region in the Loire Valley
|
|
What is Pay Nantais?
|
The AOC region on the western edge of the Loire Valley
|
|
What is Touraine?
|
An AOC region in the Loire Valley
|
|
What is Le Centre?
|
The Central Vineyards; the AOC region in the eastern Loire Valley
|
|
What are the tannin levels of Pinot Noir?
|
Medium
|
|
What are the tannin levels of Cabernet Sauvignon?
|
High
|
|
What are the tannin levels of Merlot?
|
Medium
|
|
What are the tannin levels of Cabernet Franc?
|
Medium+
|
|
What are the tannin levels of Nebbiolo?
|
High
|
|
What are the tannin levels of Sangiovese?
|
Medium+ / High
|
|
What is the major sweet wine AC of the Rhone Valley?
|
Muscat de Beaume de Venise
|
|
Where is the AC Muscat de Beaume de Venise?
|
France/ Rhone Valley/ Southern Rhone
|
|
Where is Tavel?
|
France/ Southern Rhone/ southwest of Chateauneuf-du-Pape
|
|
What major change has taken place in the Languedoc to increase its world wide image?
|
- Foreign investment
- More concern for quality over quantity |
|
What are anaerobic conditions?
|
Those without oxygen
|
|
What are three important elements of the climate in Alsace?
|
1) Long growing season
2) Rainshadow behind the Vosges Mountains 3) Lots of sun |
|
Where are the Vosges Mountains?
|
France/ Alsace
|
|
Name two sparkling wines from Italy.
|
- Prosecco
- Moscato d'Asti - Asti - Franciacorta |
|
What do Franciacorta, Prosecco, and Asti all have in common?
|
They are all sparkling wines from Italy
|
|
What is chaptalization?
|
Adding sugar to the must to increase alcohol
|
|
What is the term for adding sugar to the must to increase alcohol?
|
Chaptalization
|
|
What are the four levels of quality under Italian wine law?
|
- Vino de Tavola
- IGT - DOC - DOCG |
|
Which category is higher, DOC or IGT?
|
DOC
|
|
What particular climatic element must be dealt with in the Rhone Valley?
|
The Mistral Winds
|
|
Which part of the Rhone Valley is most affected by the Mistral Winds?
|
The Northern
|
|
Of Barolo and Barbaresco, which is considered feminine and which masculine?
|
Barolo - Masculine
Barbaresco - Feminine |
|
What percentage of a single grape variety must be used when varietally labeled in Alsace?
|
100%
|
|
Where is St-Emilion?
|
France/ Bordeaux/ Right Bank/ bordering to the east with Pomerol
|
|
Where is Muscadet-sur-Lie?
|
France/ Loire Valley/ Pays Nantais
|
|
Where is Entre-deux-Mers?
|
France/ Bordeaux/ between the rivers, south of Pomerol and St.-Emilion and north of Sauternes and Barsac
|
|
Where is St. Joseph?
|
France/ Northern Rhone Valley
|
|
Where is St.-Julien?
|
France/ Bordeaux/ Left bank/ Haut-Medoc
|
|
Where is Chinon?
|
France/ Loire Valley/ Touraine
|
|
Where is Sancerre?
|
France/ Loire Valley/ Central Vineyards
|
|
Where is Cornas?
|
France/ Northern Rhone Valley
|
|
Where is Cote-Rotie?
|
France/ Northern Rhone Valley
|
|
What does Cote-Rotie translate to?
|
Roasted Slope
|
|
Where is Pauillac?
|
Frence/ Bordeaux/ Left Bank/ Haut-Medoc/ between St.-Julien and St.-Estephe
|
|
Where is Pomerol?
|
France/ Bordeaux/ Right Bank/ bordering west of St-Emilion
|
|
Where is Gigondas?
|
France/ Southern Rhone Valley/ bordering northeast from Vacqueyras
|
|
Where is Bonnezeaux?
|
France/ Loire Valley/ Anjou-Saumer/ Coteaux du Layon
|
|
Name the three most important grape varieties used throughout the Loire Valley.
|
1) Chenin Blanc
2) Cabernet France 3) Sauvignon Blanc |
|
What is the most planted grape in the Loire Valley?
|
Grolo
|
|
Chenin Blanc, Cabernet France, and Sauvignon Blanc are the main grapes of what region?
|
France/ Loire Valley
|
|
In terms of Valpolocella, what is the difference between Amarone della Valpolicella and Recioto della Valpolicella?
|
Recioto is sweet while Amarone is dry
|
|
What are the three main grapes of Valpolicella?
|
- Corvina
- Rondinella - Molinara |
|
Where are the grapes Corvina, Rondinella, and Molinara most famously used?
|
Italy/ Veneto/ Valpolicella
|
|
In Chianti, what does "Governo" mean?
|
A vinification technique used in Italy's Tuscany area whereby the must from grapes previously set aside to dry and shrivel is added to already fermented wine. Similar to the "Ripasso" process.
|
|
What makes a Tuscan wine a Super-Tuscan?
|
It doesn't follow DOC rules; the use of international grape varieties
|
|
What is the name of the departement that houses the entire Bordeaux?
|
Gironde
|
|
What is the famous soil of the Touraine district in the Loire Valley?
|
Tuffeau
|
|
What is Tuffeau?
|
Volcanic, boiled chalk
|
|
Brunello di Montalcino must be made from 100% Sangiovese. True or False?
|
True
|
|
When should Muscadet be consumed, young or bottle aged?
|
Young
|
|
What does "Sur Lie" mean?
|
On the lees
|
|
A wine that has been aged "Sur Lie" has probably seen what vinification technique?
|
Batonnage
|
|
What is Merlot susceptible to?
|
- Rot
- Frost |
|
What are some features of the Merlot grape?
|
- Large Berries
- Loose Bunches - Thin Skin - Higher yielding than Cabernet Sauvignon |
|
What are Merlot's common descriptors by appearance?
|
Medium to deep ruby
|
|
What are Merlot's common descriptors on the nose?
|
Plum, red and black fruits, toffee, chocolate, herbs, cedar-box
|
|
What are the common descriptors for Merlot on the palate?
|
- Medium acidity
- Medium tannin - Medium to high alcohol - Medium to full body |
|
What are the common feautures of the Cabernet Franc grape?
|
- Large berries
- Loose bunches - Buds early - Ripens early - Yields higher than Cabernet Sauvignon |
|
What are some Merlot food pairings?
|
- Grilled red meat
- Capon (a "snipped" rooster) - Lamb - Beef |
|
What are the susceptibilities of Cabernet Franc in the vineyard?
|
Downy and powdery mildew
|
|
What are the common descriptors for Cabernet Franc in appearance?
|
Medium to deep ruby and purple
|
|
What are the common descriptors for Cabernet Franc on the nose?
|
Spice, herbaceous, bell pepper, raspberry, milk chocolate, candied fruit, tart raspberry
|
|
What are the important sub-regions of the Loire Valley for Cabernet Franc?
|
- Chinon
- Saumer-Champigny - Bourgueil |
|
What are some secondary regions for Cabernet Franc?
|
- Northeastern Italy
- Niagara, Canada - New York State - Washington State |
|
What are some of the common descriptors for Cabernet Franc on the palate?
|
- Medium to high acidity
- Medium tannin - Light to medium body - Medium alcohol |
|
What are some common food pairings for Cabernet Franc?
|
- Grilled meats
- Duck Pate - Steak with peppercorn sauce |
|
What are some features of Zinfandel in the vineyard?
|
- Large bunches
- Early ripener - Bunches ripen unevenly - Potential to build very high sugar levels - Potential for very high yields - Raisinates due to coulure |
|
What are some susceptibilities of Zinfandel on the vine?
|
- Bunch rot
- Raisining |
|
What are some common descriptors of Zinfandel in appearance?
|
Medium to deep purple/ruby
|
|
What are some common descriptors for Zinfandel on the nose?
|
Blueberry, cherry pie filling, jam, spice, raisins, black tea
|
|
What are some common descriptors for Zinfandel on the palate?
|
- Low to medium acidity
- Medium tannin - Very full-bodied - High alcohol - Rich and fruity |
|
What are some good food pairings for Zinfandel?
|
- Duck
- Grilled game |
|
What are some features of Gamay grapes?
|
- Purple in color
- Medium-sized berries - Yield is moderate to high |
|
What is Gamay susceptible to in the vineyard?
|
Gray rot
|
|
What are a few important sub-regions of Beaujolais?
|
Moulin-a-Vents
Morgon St. Amour |
|
What are the common descriptors for Gamay in appearance?
|
Medium garnet to bright fuchsia
|
|
What are some common descriptors of Gamay on the nose?
|
Flowers, candy, red fruit, bubblegum, cherry, sweet herbs, licorice, milk chocolate, chalky notes
|
|
What are some common descriptors of Gamay on the palate?
|
- Medium to high acidity
- Low tannin - Light body - Medium alcohol |
|
What are some Gamay food pairings?
|
- Dried sausage
- Ham - Chicken liver pate |
|
In sparkling wine production, what is another term for the combination method?
|
Transfer method
|
|
What is "assemblage"?
|
A blend of wines from different varieties, vineyards, and vintages
|
|
What is tirage?
|
- Liqeuer de Tirage
- A mixture of yeast and sugar added to a blend - Especially in Champagne where it causes the secondary fermentation |
|
What happens during "Remuage"?
|
- Riddling to clarify wine
- Bottles are moved from horizontal to vertical position - Bottle is eventually upside down - Yeast lees are collected in the bottle neck - Six week process by hand - Three days by machine |
|
What are the giant, box-like riddling machines called?
|
Gyropaletes
|
|
What does "Degorgement" do?
|
Disgorgement removes lees from neck of bottle
- Bottle neck is dipped in freezing solution - Lees are frozen solid - Bottle cap is removed - CO2 pushes frozen lees out of bottle |
|
What is another term for "Dosage"?
|
Liqueur d'Expedition
|
|
What does the "Dosage" do?
|
- Replaces wine lost during disgorgement
- Determines final balance of blend |
|
Where is Cava?
|
Spain/ Catalunya/ west-southwest of Barcelona
|
|
What grapes are used for Cava?
|
- Macabeo
- Parellada - Xarel-lo |
|
What method of sparkling wine production is used in Cava?
|
The Traditional Method
|
|
What is a common aromatic note of Cava that can distinguish it from other wines?
|
A "rubberband" or "racquet ball" smell
|
|
What is a common aromatic feature of South African Cap Classique sparkling wines?
|
Smokiness
|
|
What are a couple features of wines from the Tank Method of sparkling wine production that differ from those of the Methode Traditionelle?
|
The are fruitier with larger bubbles
|
|
Most German Sekt is produced using which sparkling wine method?
|
Tank/Charmat Method
|
|
A lot of Prosecco is produced using which sparkling wine method?
|
Tranfer Method
|
|
What is the name of the spirit added to port and sherry to fortify them?
|
Aguardiente
|
|
Where are the vineyards that provide for Port?
|
Portugal/ Douro Valley
|
|
What is the soil type in the Douro Valley?
|
Schist; soft, crumbly slate. Baked clay.
|
|
What are some characteristics of wine made from Touriga Nacional?
|
- Deep ruby color
- High acidity - High tannin - Notes of mulberry, licorice, violets |
|
What are "Lagares"?
|
Shallow cement troughs used for crushing port grapes by foot
|
|
Port is aged in neutral wood. True or False?
|
True
|
|
What are some great vintages for port?
|
1997, 1994, 1985, 1977, 1966, 1947
|
|
Who declares the quality of a vintage for port, the grower or the producer?
|
Producer
|
|
What is LBV port? Also list some details about it.
|
- Late-Bottled Vintage
- Moderate quality - Grapes from a single vintage - Lesser vintages, vineyards and grape varieties - Ages 4-6 years in wood |
|
What are some details about ruby port?
|
- Basic port
- Blend of vintages - Medium ruby color |
|
What are some details about tawny port?
|
- Aged in wood for many years
- Usually a blend of vintages - Pale red/brown color - The more browning, the older the wine - "10 year old" and "20 year old" most common - Flavors of hazelnuts, spice and dried fruits - Colheita - Vintage dated tawny |
|
Do barrel-aged ports improve in bottle?
|
No
|
|
What do Vintage, Single Quinta, and Crusted Ports all have in common?
|
They are all bottle-aged styles
|
|
What is VDN?
|
- Vin Doux Naturels
- Fortified wines |
|
What grape variety is used in Banyuls for VDN?
|
Grenache
|
|
Where is Banyuls?
|
France/ Southwestern France/ Roussillon
|
|
What are the four styles of Madeira?
|
- Sercial
- Verdelho - Bual - Malmsey |
|
What are the styles of Madeira named for?
|
Their corresponding grapes
|
|
What is a well-known fortified wine of Australia?
|
Rutherglen Muscat
|
|
What is a slang term for Liqueur Muscats in Australia?
|
Stickies
|
|
What do Sercial and Verdelho have in common?
|
They are both styles of Madeira
|
|
What is Estufagem?
|
- An important aspect of Madeira production
- A process of slow "baking" that caramelizes and oxidizes the wine |
|
What is Albariza?
|
The chalky soil of Jerez, Spain
|
|
What is the most commonly used grape variety for Sherry production?
|
Palomino
|
|
What are a couple other grape varieties used in Sherry production?
|
- Pedro Ximenez (PX)
- Moscatel |
|
What grows on top of sherry wine as it ages?
|
Flor
|
|
In Sherry production, how is the growth of flor avoided?
|
Fortifying the wine to at least 18%
|
|
In what is Sherry aged?
|
A Solera
|
|
What flavor notes does flor add to Sherry?
|
Pungent notes of blanched almonds, brine and bitter herbs
|
|
Generally, how is Oloroso different from other styles of Sherry?
|
It has no flor
|
|
What is a Solera, generally speaking?
|
A system of fractional blending
|
|
What are some characteristics of Fino Sherry?
|
- Pale in color
- Strong flor flavor - Dry - Light to medium body - Flavors of brine and almonds - Alcohol around 15% |
|
What are some characteristics of Manzanilla style Sherry?
|
- Fino-style
- Aged in seaside location (Sanlucar) - Very pale color - Intense flor flavor - Medium body - Alcohol around 15% |
|
What are some characteristics of Oloroso Sherry?
|
- Fortified to kill off flor
- Oxidised - Dark brown color - Flavors of nuts, raisins and baking spice - May be dry or sweet - Alcohol around 18% |
|
What are some characteristics of Amontillado Sherry?
|
- Aged fino
- Flor has died away - light, nutty flavors - Dry or sweet |
|
What are some food pairings for Fino-style Sherry?
|
- Sardines
- Almonds - Olives |
|
What are some food-pairings for Oloroso?
|
- Deep fried foods
- Roasted nuts - Consomme |
|
What are some features of Syrah in the vineyard?
|
- Buds late
- Ripens early - Short growing period - Medium-sized berries - Tight bunches - Moderate yields |
|
What are some susceptibilities of Syrah?
|
- Gray rot
- Bunch rot - otherwise fairly resistant to disease |
|
What are the soil-types for Syrah?
|
- Loose, rocky well-draining soils
- Granite - Terre rossa |
|
In order to ripen, Syrah needs...
|
Warmth
|
|
What are a couple important sub-regions of the Rhone Valley for Syrah?
|
- Hermitage
- Cote Rotie - Chateauneuf-du-Pape - Gigondas |
|
What are the common descriptors of Syrah in appearance?
|
Deep ruby/purple
|
|
What are the common descriptors for Syrah on the nose?
|
Blackberry, eucalyptus, wild herbs, violets, black pepper, bacon fat, leather
|
|
What are the common descriptors for Syrah on the palate?
|
- Medium to high acidity
- Medium tannin - Medium to full body - Medium to high alcohol |
|
What are some common food-pairings for Syrah?
|
- Wild boar
- Hearty stew with bacon - Game with berry sauce - Lamb |
|
What are some features of Grenache in the vineyard?
|
- Large, loose bunches
- Thin skins - Buds early - Ripens late - Drought resistant - Long, hot growing season |
|
What are the susceptibilities of Grenache?
|
- Downy mildew
- Bunch rot - Coulure |
|
What are a couple sub-regions of the Rhone Valley for Grenache?
|
- Chateauneuf-du-Pape
- Cote du Rhone |
|
What are some food-pairings for Grenache?
|
- Rabbit
- Chicken - Meats flavored with Herbes de Provence |
|
What are the common descriptors of Grenache in appearance?
|
Pale to medium garnet
|
|
What are the common descriptors of Grenache on the nose?
|
Raspberry, stewed fruit, sweet herbs, earth, white pepper, black olives
|
|
What are the common descriptors of Grenache on the palate?
|
- Low to medium acidity
- Low to medium tannin - Full body - Medium to high alcohol |
|
What are some features of Tempranillo in the vineyard?
|
- Medium-sized berries
- Large bunches - Thick skins - Ripens early |
|
What are the Spanish terms denoting length of aging?
|
- Crianza
- Reserva - Gran Reserva |
|
What are the important regions for Tempranillo in Spain?
|
- Rioja
- Ribera del Duero |
|
What are the general differences in Tempranillo from Rioja and Ribera del Duero?
|
Rioja makes lighter wines, Ribera del Duero makes wines with more muscle
|
|
What are the common descriptors of Tempranillo in appearance?
|
Pale to moderate garnet/ruby
|
|
What are the common descriptors of Tempranillo on the nose?
|
Strawberry, spice, vanilla, mocha, plum, toast, coconut
|
|
What are the common descriptors of Tempranillo on the palate?
|
- Low to medium acidity
- Medium tannin - Medium body - Medium to high alcohol |
|
What are some food-pairings for Tempranillo?
|
- Grilled meats
- Lentil soup - Roasted Cornish game hen |
|
What are some differences in Sangiovese Piccolo and Sangiovese Grosso?
|
Sangiovese Piccolo: small berries, tight bunches
Sangiovese Grosso: Large berries, loose bunches, late ripening |
|
What are the important regions for Sangiovese in Italy?
|
- Chianti
- Brunello di Montalcino |
|
What are the common descriptors for Sangiovese in appearance?
|
Medium garnet/yellow
|
|
What are the common descriptors for Sangiovese on the nose?
|
Floral, leather, earth, red fruit, violets, herbs, orange oil
|
|
What are the common descriptors for Sangiovese on the palate?
|
- High acidity
- Moderate to high tannin - Medium body - Medium to high alcohol |
|
What are some common food-pairings for Sangiovese?
|
- Tomato-based sauces
- Smoked meats - Veal chops - Braised beef - Wild boar |
|
What are some features of the Nebbiolo grape in the vineyard?
|
- Medium-sized berries
- Large bunches - Early budding - Late ripening - Many different clones - Requires a long growing period |
|
What are some susceptibilities of Nebbiolo?
|
- Coulure
- Powdery mildew - Generally resistant to other hazards |
|
What is "Nebbia"?
|
The fog that occurs in the Piedmont area, after which the Nebbiolo grape was named
|
|
Should Nebbiolo be consumed young or aged?
|
Aged
|
|
What are some common food-pairings for Sangiovese?
|
- Tomato-based sauces
- Smoked meats - Veal chops - Braised beef - Wild boar |
|
What are some features of the Nebbiolo grape in the vineyard?
|
- Medium-sized berries
- Large bunches - Early budding - Late ripening - Many different clones - Requires a long growing period |
|
What are some susceptibilities of Nebbiolo?
|
- Coulure
- Powdery mildew - Generally resistant to other hazards |
|
What is "Nebbia"?
|
The fog that occurs in the Piedmont area, after which the Nebbiolo grape was named
|
|
Should Nebbiolo be consumed young or aged?
|
Aged
|
|
What are some common food-pairings for Sangiovese?
|
- Tomato-based sauces
- Smoked meats - Veal chops - Braised beef - Wild boar |
|
What the some features of the Nebbiolo grape in the vineyard?
|
- Medium-sized berries
- Large bunches - Early budding - Late ripening - Many different clones - Requires a long growing period |
|
What are some susceptibilities of Nebbiolo?
|
- Coulure
- Powdery mildew - Generally resistant to other hazards |
|
What is "Nebbia"?
|
The fog that occurs in the Piedmont area, after which the Nebbiolo grape was named
|
|
Should Nebbiolo be consumed young or aged?
|
Aged
|
|
What are some common food-pairings for Sangiovese?
|
- Tomato-based sauces
- Smoked meats - Veal chops - Braised beef - Wild boar |
|
What are some features of the Nebbiolo grape in the vineyard?
|
- Medium-sized berries
- Large bunches - Early budding - Late ripening - Many different clones - Requires a long growing period |
|
What are some susceptibilities of Nebbiolo?
|
- Coulure
- Powdery mildew - Generally resistant to other hazards |
|
What is "Nebbia"?
|
The fog that occurs in the Piedmont area, after which the Nebbiolo grape was named
|
|
Should Nebbiolo be consumed young or aged?
|
Aged
|
|
What are the common descriptors of Nebbiolo in appearance?
|
Pale to medium garnet/yellow
|
|
What are the common descriptors of Nebbiolo on the nose?
|
Violets, tar, truffles, roses, licorice, dried herbs, cherry cordial
|
|
What are the common descriptors of Nebbiolo on the palate?
|
- High acid
- High tannin - Medium to full body - Medium+ alcohol |
|
What are the important regions for Nebbiolo?
|
Italy/ Piedmont/ Barolo, Barbaresco
|
|
What are some common food-pairings for Nebbiolo?
|
- Wild boar
- Risotto with mushrooms - Truffles |
|
What are the major influences on wine?
|
- Viticulture
- Viniculture - Varietal - Vintage - Soil - Climate |
|
What are the three climate classifications?
|
- Maritime
- Continental - Mediterranean |
|
What are some of the common soil types?
|
- Limestone
- Chalk - Clay - Gravel - Sand - Granite - Schist - Slate |
|
What are the three main North American vine species?
|
- Vitis Labrusca
- Vitis Riparia - Vitis Rupestris |
|
How does a hybrid differ from a cross or clone?
|
- A hybrid is two different species crossed to make a new variety.
- A cross is two different varieties of the same species crossed to make a new variety. - A clone is a cutting of one variety taken to grow a new plant of that same variety. |
|
What are the components of a grape?
|
- Water
- Sugar - Skin - Phenolics (tannins, pigments, etc) - Seeds (pips) - Acids |
|
What is the lifecycle of a vine?
|
- Dormancy
- Budbreak - Shoot growth - Flowering - Fruit set - Growth - Veraison - Harvest |
|
What does Phylloxera Vastatrix do?
|
- Feeds on rootstocks
- Kills the vine |
|
What is oidium?
|
Powdery mildew
|
|
What is the "Bordeaux Mixture"?
|
Lime, copper sulfate, and water
|
|
What is the Bordeaux Mixture for?
|
To control Oidium or Powdery Mildew.
|
|
What is Peronospera?
|
Downy Mildew
|
|
What is another name for Downy Mildew?
|
Peronospera
|
|
Downy Mildew and Powdery Mildew are both what kind of disease?
|
Fungal
|
|
What is Grey Rot?
|
Malevolent form of Botrytis Cinerea
|
|
What causes Noble Rot to become Grey Rot?
|
Lack of sunlight
|
|
What is Guignardia Bidwellii?
|
Black rot
|
|
What is the name of the noble form of Black Rot?
|
There isn't a noble form of Black Rot
|
|
What does the Glassy-winged Sharpshooter cause?
|
Pierce's Disease
|
|
What are the effects of Pierce's disease?
|
- Bacterial growth
- Vine dehydration - Death of vine in one to five years |
|
What are some details of Leaf Fan and Leaf Roll Virus?
|
- Vines and rootstock infected during propagation
- Leaves of red varietals turn brilliant red, impeding the grape's sugar accumulation - Infected vines produce wines with lessened qualities |
|
What is Millerandage?
|
French term for bunches containing berries of greatly different size and, most important, different levels of maturity
|
|
What is Coulure?
|
The failure of the grapes to develope after flowering
|
|
What causes Coulure?
|
- Metabolic and weather conditions
- Extended rains - Frigid weather during flowering - Low sugar content in the vines |
|
What is a scion?
|
The part of a vine cutting that is grafted to the rootstock, i.e. the vine-cutting itself
|
|
What vine-training system is popular for Syrah?
|
Guyot
|
|
What are some things to consider at harvest?
|
- Timing
- Assessing sugar levels - Phenolic ripeness - Method - Machine - Manual |
|
What is "Terroir"?
|
- The natural elements that contribute to a site
- The combination of Soil, Climate, and Aspect |
|
What is the main purpose in Canopy management?
|
Maximizing sun exposure
|
|
What are the appearance componants of assessing a wine?
|
- Clarity
- Intensity - Color - Rim variation - Viscosity |
|
What are the nose componants when assessing a wine?
|
- Condition
- Intensity - Aroma vs. Bouquet - Fruit - Earth - Wood - Other |
|
What are the palate componants when assessing a wine?
|
- Dry or sweet
- Acidity - Fruit - Earth - Wood - Other - Tannins - Body - Alcohol - Balance - Length - Complexity |
|
What are the conclusive componants when assessing a wine?
|
- New World or Old World
- Climate - Grape Variety - Country - Region - Quality - Maturity - Vintage |
|
What is Saccharomyces Cerevisiae?
|
The common yeast species used in fermenting grape juice to make wine
|
|
What is "Triage"?
|
Hand sorting of the grapes when they arrive at the winery
|
|
What causes the "free-run" juice to flow?
|
The weight of the grapes
|
|
What is Cold Stabilization?
|
The chilling of wine to precipitate tartaric crystals
|
|
What are the three purposes of Sulfer-Dioxide?
|
- Anti-oxidant
- Disinfectant - Preservative |
|
What is Calcium Carbonate used for?
|
Used to decrease acidity, especially in cooler climates or vintages
|
|
What is RS?
|
Residual Sugar left in wine after fermentation
|
|
What is Back-Sweetening?
|
Adding unfermented grape juice to dry wine
|
|
What is Sussreserve?
|
The German term for the juice used in back-sweetening wine
|
|
What are Mercaptans?
|
Foul smelling sulfur compounds
|
|
What is TCA?
|
- 2,4,6 Trichloranisole
- A compound formed between cork, mold, and chlorine |
|
What is a key way to know if a wine is "corked" as opposed to something else?
|
A corked wine will get worse after opening it
|
|
What two organizations govern French wine law?
|
- INAO
- SdRdF |
|
What is the INAO?
|
Institut National des Appellations d'Origine
|
|
What is the SdRdf?
|
Service de Repression des Frauds
|
|
What happened in 1923 regarding French Wine Law?
|
Baron du Roy in Chateauneuf-du-Pape created rules for that vineyard area to protect producers of that area, thus creating the model for the AOC
|
|
What does the INAO do?
|
Controls the hierarchy of French quality wines
|
|
What does the SdRdF do?
|
They "police" the complicated wine laws
|
|
What are the four French wine law levels?
|
- Vin de Table
- Vin de Pays - VDQS - AOC |
|
What is the VDQS?
|
Vins Delimites de Qualite Supereure
|
|
What is the AOC?
|
Appellation d'Origine Controlee
|
|
Niether Vin de Table nor Vin de Pays wines may be labeled with vintage, region, or variety. True or False?
|
False. Vin de Table cannot label with region, vintage, or variety but Vin de Pays can
|
|
What is a Negociant?
|
A merchant who trades in grapes, juice, or wine
|
|
What is Elevage?
|
- Elevating wine from basic fermented grape juice...literally to educate
- The vinification processes AFTER fermentation |
|
What is the hierarchy of Burgundian AOC levels?
|
- Regional or Generic
- District - Village or Commune |
|
What percentage of Burgundy wines are Premier Cru?
|
10%-12%
|
|
What percentage of Burgundy wines are Grand Cru?
|
2%
|
|
Gevrey-Chambertin "Clos St. Jacques" and Beaune "Greves" are both examples of what Burgundy Cru Classe?
|
Premier Cru
|
|
Chambertin and Musigny are both examples of what Burgundy Cru Classe?
|
Grand Cru
|
|
What are a few threats in the vineyards of Burgundy?
|
- Frost
- Hail - Rain at harvest |
|
In which region of Burgundy can Kimmeridgean clay be found?
|
Chablis
|
|
In which region of Burgundy can Limestone be found?
|
- Cote d'Or
- Cote Chalonnaise - Maconnais |
|
In which region of Burgundy is Granite predominantly found?
|
Beaujolais
|
|
What are some details of viticulture in Burgundy?
|
- High vine density
- Low-trained - Guyot trained in the Cote d'Or - Gobelet trained in Beaujolais - Vineyards face E or SE for maximum sunlight - Clones are important; different mesoclimates |
|
Is Guyot-trained, cane pruned or spur pruned?
|
Cane pruned
|
|
Is Gobelet-trained cane pruned or spur pruned?
|
Spur pruned
|
|
Chaptalization is a common practice of vinification in what French Region?
|
Burgundy
|
|
What are the four main grapes used in Burgundy?
|
- Chardonnay
- Pinot Noir - Aligote - Gamay |
|
What are the four AOC levels of Chablis?
|
- Petite Chablis
- Chablis - Chablis 1er Cru - Chablis Grand Cru |
|
Which produces more red wines, Cote de Nuits or Cote de Beaune?
|
Cote de Nuits
|
|
What kind of wines are from Gevrey-Chambertin?
|
Well-structured reds from Pinot Noir
|
|
What type of wines come from Morey-St.-Denis?
|
Intense, but less weighty reds from Pinot Noir
|
|
What commune houses Chambertin Grand Cru AOC?
|
Gevrey-Chambertin
|
|
What commune houses Clos de Tart Grand Cru AOC?
|
France/ Burgundy/ Cote d'Or/ Cote de Nuits/ Morey-St.-Denis
|
|
What type of wines come from Chambolle-Musigny?
|
High quality, silky-textured reds from Pinot Noir
|
|
In what commune is Musigny Grand Cru AOC?
|
Chambolle-Musigny
|
|
In what commune is Clos de Vougeot Grand Cru AOC?
|
Vougeot
|
|
What are the main wines from Vosne-Romanee?
|
Highly prized red Burgundies from Pinot Noir
|
|
In what commune is Romanee-Conti Grand Cru AOC?
|
Vosne-Romanee
|
|
What commune houses La Tache Grand Cru AOC?
|
Vosne-Romanee
|
|
What type of wines come from Nuits-St.-Georges?
|
Herbal-scented, medium-bodied, reds from Pinot Noir
|
|
In what commune is Nuits-St.-Georges 1er Cru "Les Forets" AOC?
|
Nuits-St.-Georges
|
|
What are some details of Aloxe-Corton?
|
- Hill on Corton
- Higher elevation - Reds from Pinot Noir - Whites from Chardonnay |
|
In which commune is Corton-Charlemagne Grand Cru?
|
Aloxe-Corton
|
|
What are some details of Beaune?
|
- Commercial center of Burgundian wine industry
- Excellent 1er Crus - Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Good values |
|
Which commune houses Beaune 1er Cru "Clos des Mouches" AOC?
|
Beaune
|
|
What type of wines come from Pommard?
|
Rustic and structured red wines only
|
|
In which commune is Pommard 1er Cru "Rugiens" AOC?
|
Pommard
|
|
What type of wines come from Volnay?
|
Silky and floral red wines from Pinoy Noir only
|
|
Which commune houses Volnay 1er Cru "Santenots" AOC?
|
Volnay
|
|
What are some details of the wines of Meursault?
|
- Famous for Chardonnay
- MLF, barrel fermentation and oak aging are traditional |
|
In which commune is Meursault 1er Cru "Genevrieres" AOC
|
Meursault
|
|
What is Puligny-Montrachet known for?
|
- White wines
- Sharing the most famous Chardonnay vineyard in the world with Chassagne-Montrachet |
|
Which commune houses Montrachet Grand Cru AOC?
|
Chassagne-Montrachet
|
|
Where is St.-Aubin?
|
France/ Burgundy/ Cote d'Or/ Cote de Beaune
|
|
What are some details of Cote Chalonnaise?
|
- Area of mixed agriculture
- Higher elevation - Large production - 90% red from Pinot Noir - Good value red and white |
|
What are a couple important AOC's of Cote Chalonnaise?
|
- Mercurey
- Bouzeron |
|
What is an important detail of the wines of Bouzeron?
|
They are whites from the Aligote grape
|
|
What type of wines come from Maconnais?
|
Mainly whites from Chardonnay but also reds from Pinot Noir and Gamay
|
|
What are the important AOCs of Maconnais?
|
- Macon AOC
- Macon-Villages AOC - Pouilly-Fuisse AOC |
|
What type of wines come from Pouilly-Fuisse?
|
High quality Chardonnay, many with oak-aging
|
|
What type of wines come from Beaujolais?
|
Light and fruity reds from Gamay
|
|
What are some details of Beaujolais Nouveau?
|
- Freshly fermented
- Bright fuchsia color - Candied aroma - Released on the 3rd Thursday of November after harvest |
|
Which wines are of a higher quality, Beaujolais-Villages or Beaujolais?
|
Beaujolais-Villages
|
|
What are some details that describe Cru Beaujolais?
|
- Better quality
- 10 Superior Villages - Less carbonic maceration - Some oak aging |
|
What are four of the ten individual Cru of Beaujolais?
|
1) Morgon
2) Moulin-a-Vent 3) St. Amour 4) Brouilly 5) Cote de Brouilly 6) Regnie 7) Chiroubles 8) Fleurie 9) Chenas 10) Julienas |
|
What are a few good vintages from Burgundy?
|
2002, 1999, 1996, 1990, 1985
|
|
What are some food pairings for Burgundy?
|
- Charolais Beef
- Poulet de Bresse - Root vegetables - Mushrooms - Snails - Frog's legs - Dijon mustard - Creme de cassis - Boeuf Bourguignon - Coq au Vin - Escargots - Gougeres - Epoisses |
|
Who drained the Medoc?
|
The Dutch
|
|
When did the Right Bank gain reputation?
|
1950's
|
|
Does Bordeaux have any single vineyards AOCs like Burgundy does?
|
No
|
|
What are the AOC levels of Bordeaux generally based upon?
|
- Regional
- District - Commune |
|
Every district of Bordeaux contains commune AOCs. True or False?
|
False
|
|
In Bordeaux, what are referred to more frequently than AOCs?
|
The Classification System
|
|
What is the Bordeaux Classification System based upon that is unusual from the rest of France?
|
Property lines, as opposed to geography
|
|
Describe the classification system of Pomerol.
|
Pomerol does not have a classification system
|
|
What year was the Classification of the Medoc?
|
1855
|
|
Who commissioned the 1855 Classification?
|
Bordeaux Chamber of Commerce
|
|
What is the 1855 based on?
|
The prices for the last 100 years
|
|
How many Chateaux were ranked in the 1855?
|
61
|
|
How were the Chateaux ranked in the 1855?
|
1st through 5th growths
|
|
How many 1st Growths were originally classified in the 1855?
|
4
|
|
Which Chateau was elevated from 2nd Growth to 1st Growth in 1973?
|
Chateau Mouton-Rothschild
|
|
What are the five 1st Growth Chateaux of Bordeaux?
|
1) Chateau Margaux
2) Chateau Haut-Brion 3) Chateau Lafite 4) Chateau Latour 5) Chateau Mouton-Rothschild (since 1973) |
|
By the 1855, how were the wines of Sauternes and Barsac ranked?
|
In two tiers; 1st Growth and 2nd Growth, with Chateau d'Yquem in its own category of 1er Cru Superieur
|
|
What Bordeaux Chateau is classified as 1er Cru Superieur?
|
Chateau d'Yquem
|
|
What happened in Bordeaux in 1932?
|
The classification of the rest of the Chateaux not included as Cru Classe in 1855
|
|
In the 1932 Classification of Bordeaux, how were the Chateaux classified?
|
Into three categories:
- Cru Bourgeois Exceptionnels (9) - Cru Bourgeois Superieurs (87) - Cru Bourgeois (151) |
|
How many Chateaux were included in the 1932 Classification of Bordeaux?
|
247
|
|
What is a hazard in Bordeaux?
|
Humidity
|
|
What are the three main waterways of Bordeaux?
|
- Gironde Tributary
- Gaironne River - Dordogne River |
|
What protects Bordeaux from the influences of the Atlantic?
|
The Landes Forest
|
|
Why is vintage so important in Bordeaux?
|
The maritime climate causes the weather to vary greatly
|
|
To what does "cold wet feet" apply?
|
Bordeaux, Right Bank Merlot
|
|
What is the soil make-up of the Left Bank?
|
Deep gravel topsoil over marl and limestone
|
|
What is the soil make-up of the Right Bank?
|
Clay and sandstone
|
|
What are some details of viticulture in Bordeaux?
|
- High vine density
- Guyot or Cordon trained low to utilize reflected heat - Spraying for mildew - Hand harvesting for quality wines - Different varieties harvested at different times - Top sweet white wines are Botrytis affected |
|
Fundamentally, how do Burgundian wines differ from Bordeaux wines?
|
Burgundies are single variety, Bordeaux are blends
|
|
What is "Encepagement"?
|
A blend of different varietals
|
|
What is "Cepage"?
|
A grape variety
|
|
What is "Assemblage"?
|
A blending together
|
|
Why is the blending of different varietals so important in Bordeaux?
|
Due to vintage variance.
The winemaker can choose to add or omit varieties that had a good or bad year |
|
Which wines in Bordeaux are aged in new oak barriques?
|
Top quality wines, i.e. the wines from Chateaux who can afford new oak
|
|
What wine region's white wines are made from Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon, and Muscadelle?
|
France/ Bordeaux/ Left Bank/ Graves/ especially Sauternes and Barsac
|
|
What are some details of the wines of Haut-Medoc?
|
- Reds only
- Cabernet Sauvignon based - Good quality - Some classified growths |
|
What are the four commune AOCs of Haut-Medoc?
|
- St. Estephe
- Pauillac - St. Julien - Margaux |
|
Where is Pessac-Leognan?
|
France/ Bordeaux/ Left bank/ Graves/ bordering south of the city of Bordeaux
|
|
What river provides the mist that allows Botrytis in Sauternes and Barsac?
|
Ciron
|
|
How long does Chateaux d'Yquem age in new oak?
|
Three years
|
|
Where is Barsac?
|
France/ Bordeaux/ Left Bank/ Graves/ Sauternes
|
|
What type of wines are produced under the Entre-Deux-Mers AOC?
|
- Dry whites only
- Range of styles - Fresh and aromatic - Oak-aged |
|
What is the AOC for red wines produced in Entre-Deux-Mers?
|
Bordeaux AOC
|
|
When is the classification of Estates in St.-Emilion reviewed?
|
About every ten years
|
|
What are some good Bordeaux vintages?
|
2005, 2000, 1990, 1989, 1986, 1985, 1982, 1970, 1966, 1961, 1945
|
|
Name a few up and coming AOCs of the Right Bank.
|
- Fronsac
- Canon-Fronsac - Cotes de Castillon |
|
What are some Bordeaux food pairings?
|
- Oysters
- Eel - Pike - Lamb - Beef - Prunes - Walnut oil - Goose liver - Chantrelles - Cepes - Truffles - Lamprey a la Bordelaise - Gigot d'Agneau - Foie Gras - Brebis-Sheep's milk - Mimolette |
|
What are the two main regions of Alsace?
|
- Haut-Rhin
- Bas-Rhin |
|
Despite having detailed vineyard records dating back five hundred years, how long has Alsace been making really good wine?
|
About 40 years
|
|
Generally, what is the controversy with Alsace Grand Cru?
|
- They allow very high yields
- They rate vineyards but not for a specific grape variety per vineyard |
|
How many vineyards are considered Grand Cru in Alsace?
|
50
|
|
When was Alsace Grand Cru AOC established?
|
1983
|
|
What are the four Alsace Grand Cru grapes?
|
- Riesling
- Gewurztraminer - Pinot Gris - Muscat |
|
What grape not considered Grand Cru is allowed Grand Cru status if from the Zotzenberg vineyard?
|
Sylvaner
|
|
Sylvaner is only allowed to be Grand Cru if from what vineyard?
|
Zotzenberg
|
|
Briefly explain how the Grand Cru rating is set up in Alsace.
|
Specific vineyards are chosen but any of the four Grand Cru grapes can be grown there and rated Grand Cru
|
|
What are the details of VT, or Vendage Tardive wines?
|
- Late harvested grapes
- May be vinified dry, off-dry or sweet - Grapes may have Botrytis - Concentrated - No chaptalization - Same laws as Grand Cru vineyards |
|
What are some details about Selection de Grains Nobles?
|
- Botrytis-affected sweet wines
- Very high concentration - Always sweet |
|
What major river flows near Alsace?
|
Rhine
|
|
What are a few details about the climate of Alsace?
|
- Cold continental
- Rainshadow from Vosges Mountains - Long, sunny autumns with some humidity for Botrytis |
|
What type of soil is in Alsace?
|
- Extremely varied
- Mineral rich and organically poor on the hillsides - Deep and organically rich in the valley - Loas |
|
What are some viticultural details of Alsace?
|
- High-trained vines (double-guyot)
- Follow contours for maximum sun - Terraces on steep slopes - High maximum yields - Harvest lasts several weeks - Potential for very high must weight |
|
What type of pruning is Double-Guyot?
|
Cane
|
|
More or less, what is the answer to any question about Swiss grapes?
|
Chasselas
|
|
What is a Foudres?
|
In Alsace, a very large nuetral oak barrel, usually with thick tartrate build-up inside
|
|
What is the traditional use of MLF in Alsace?
|
It is blocked
|
|
In Alsace, oak-aging is common. True or False?
|
False, oak-aging is very rare in Alsace
|
|
What is a flute d'Alsace?
|
The tall, tapering bottles used commonly to bottle white wines in Alsace.
|
|
What labeling detail is common is Alsace but unusual for the rest of France?
|
Varietal labeling
|
|
Classically, what sweetness level are all Alsace wines?
|
Dry
|
|
What are two of the grapes of Alsace not commonly rated for Grand Cru?
|
- Chasselas
- Sylvaner - Pinot Blanc - Auxerrois - Pinot Noir |
|
What is Edelzwicker?
|
Literally means "noble blend" but is actually cheap plonk
|
|
What grape varieties can be used for Edelzwicker?
|
Any AC Alsace
|
|
What grapes are not allowed for Cremant d'Alsace?
|
- Gewurztraminer
- Chasselas |
|
What grape is allowed for Cremant d'Alsace even though it is not AC rated in the region?
|
Chardonnay
|
|
Where are the major appellations of Alsace?
|
Mostly in the Haut-Rhin around Colmar
|
|
Where are Turckheim, Riquewihr, and Thann?
|
France/ Alsace/ Haut-Rhin
|
|
What are some common food pairings for Alsace?
|
- Cabbage
- Fresh water fish - Sausages - Veal - Goose - Pork - Fruit preserves - Choucroute Gami - Quiche Lorraine - Fruit tarts - Munster - Pheasant - Onion tart - Dry Riesling goes especially well with Saurkraut |
|
What was known as the "playland of the aristocracy"?
|
The Loire Valley
|
|
While there is no AOC for the entire Loire Valley, there are two Loire ACs. What are they?
|
- Rose de Loire
- Cremant de Loire |
|
What is the Vin de Pays for the Loire Valley?
|
Vin de Pays du Jardin de la France
|
|
Approximately how much Loire wine is white vs. red?
|
- 55% White
- 24% Red |
|
What is the climate of the Loire Valley?
|
From east to west, continental, semi-continental, and maritime
|
|
What is the soil type of the Loire Valley?
|
From east to west, clay and flint, tuffeau, schist, and granite
|
|
What are some details of viticulture in the Loire Valley?
|
- Mixed agriculture
- Mostly guyot trained vines - Machine harvesting is the norm - Some Botrytis-affected wines - Canopy management important in cool climate |
|
Are Loire wines blended?
|
Some, but generally not
|
|
Chaptalization is normal in the Loire Valley. True or False?
|
True
|
|
What styles of wine are produced in the Loire Valley?
|
- Sparkling
- Sur Lie - Sec - Demi-sec - Moelleux (sweet) - Liquoreux (sweeter) - Botrytis-affected |
|
What are the common grape varieties of the Loire Valley?
|
- Sauvignon Blanc
- Chenin Blanc - Melon de Bougogne - Cabernet Franc - Pinot Noir - Gamay Noir - Grolleau |
|
What is the most planted grape in the Loire?
|
Grolleau
|
|
What is Muscadet?
|
A wine made sur lie from Melon de Bourgogne grapes in the Pays Nantais in the Loire Valley.
|
|
Is Muscadet a grape variety?
|
No. It is a wine made sur lie from Melon de Bourgogne grapes in the Pays Nantais in the Loire Valley.
|
|
What are some details about the wines from Sancerre?
|
- Crisp whites from Sauvignon Blanc
- Herbaceous and mineral notes - Small production of reds from Pinot Noir |
|
What wines come from Pouilly-Fume?
|
Flinty whites from Sauvignon Blanc
|
|
What type of wines come from Vouvray?
|
Still and sparkling whites from Chenin Blanc in all sweetness levels. Classically, Vouvray is a still white with just a touch of sweetness.
|
|
What wines come from Chinon?
|
Medium-bodied reds from Cabernet Franc
|
|
What wines come from Bourgueil?
|
Structured reds from Cabernet Franc
|
|
What type of wines come from Savennieres?
|
Dry, age-worthy whites from Chenin Blanc
|
|
What type of wines come from Coteaux du Layon?
|
Dessert-style Chenin Blanc often Botrytis-affected
|
|
Where is Bonnezeaux?
|
France/ Loire Valley/ Anjou-Saumur/ Coteaux du Layon
|
|
Where is Quarts-de-Chaume?
|
France/ Loire Valley/ Anjou
|
|
What type of wine comes from Muscadet de Sevre et Maine?
|
- Light-bodied, dry whites from Melon de Bourgogne
- Often aged "sur lie" |
|
What do Vouvray, Chinon and Bourgueil all have in common?
|
They are all within Touraine
|
|
Is vintage very important in the Loire Valley?
|
Yes. Varied weather from an array of regions.
|
|
What are some food pairings for the Loire Valley?
|
- Oysters
- Seafood - Fresh water fish - Game - Frog's legs - Andouillettes - Rillettes - Terrines and pates - White fish in beurre blanc - Tarte tatin - Goat's cheese - Crottin de Chavignol - Selles-sur-Cher - Valencay |
|
To which region applies the phrase, "The rival Popes of Avignon"?
|
The Rhone Valley
|
|
What appellation is the original model for the AOC?
|
Chateauneuf-du-Pape
|
|
What is the climate of the Rhone Valley?
|
North- Continental
South- Mediterranean |
|
What is a major weather factor in the Rhone Valley?
|
The Mistral Winds
|
|
Which part of the Rhone Valley does the Mistral most affect?
|
The Northern Rhone
|
|
What is the soil type for the Rhone Valley?
|
North- Granite
South- Stony, "galets", aluvial |
|
What are "Galets"?
|
Large, round rocks, especially in the vineyards of Chateauneuf-du-Pape.
|
|
What is "Taille en Archet"?
|
The vine-staking process used in the Northern Rhone to protect the vines from the Mistral Winds.
|
|
What are some details of viticulture in the Northern Rhone?
|
- Steep slopes, narrow river valley
- Low yields - Vines staked for protection aginst the wind; "Taille en Archet" - Hand harvesting for best wines |
|
What are some details of viticulture in the Southern Rhone?
|
- Mountain slopes, flat areas, broad river valley
- Low yields - Gobelet training except for Syrah (Guyot) - Hand harvesting mandated by many AOCs |
|
What are the main white grapes of the Northern Rhone?
|
- Viognier
- Marsanne - Roussanne |
|
What are the main red grapes of the Northern Rhone?
|
- Syrah
|
|
What are the main grapes of the Southern Rhone?
|
- Roussanne
- Marsanne - Grenache (red and white) - Syrah - Mourvedre - Carignan - Cinsault |
|
What type of wines come from Cote-Rotie?
|
- Reds from Syrah
- Small percentage of Viognier permitted in blend |
|
What type of wines come from Condrieu?
|
Perfumed whites from Viognier
|
|
What is the smallest AC?
|
Chateau Grillet
|
|
Where is Chateau Grillet?
|
France/ Northern Rhone/ Condrieu
|
|
What type of wines come from Hermitage?
|
- Long-lived reds from Syrah
- Whites from Marsanne and Roussanne |
|
What type of wines come from Cornas?
|
- Reds from 100% Syrah
- Dark full Syrah, usually needs time - 10 years old+ |
|
What are some important details of Chatillon-en-Diois AC?
|
- Raised to AC status from VDQS in 1974
- Reds from Gamay with Syrah and Pinot Noir - Whites from Aligote or Chardonnay sold as variety labeled - Located in the Northern Rhone |
|
Where is Chatillon-en-Diois AC?
|
France/ Northern Rhone
|
|
What type of wines come from Clairette de Die?
|
- Traditional Method
- Whites from 100% Clairette (Clairette Blanc) |
|
What type of wines come from Clairette de Die Methode Diose Ancestrale?
|
- Sparkling wines from Muscat and Clairette
- Bottled before the 1st fermentation is complete - Somewhat sweet |
|
The Southern Rhone rarely has a bad vintage. True or False?
|
True
|
|
How was the 2002 vintage in the Southern Rhone?
|
Terrible with bad flooding
|
|
What kind of wines come from Cotes-du-Rhone?
|
- Straight forward reds, whites and rose
|
|
What type of wines come from Chateauneuf-du-Pape?
|
- Ripe, full-bodied reds
- Small production of whites |
|
Generally, Gigondas produces what kind of wines?
|
Reds and roses only
|
|
What type of wines come from Tavel?
|
Only dry roses from Grenache
|
|
What are some food pairings for the Rhone Valley?
|
- Stone fruit, figs, herbs, nuts, honey, mesclun greens, olive oil, duck, quail, rabbit, wild boar
- Pistou, Aioli, Ratatouille, Duck with lavender honey, Beef with mushrooms, olives and bacon, Rabbit stuffed with tapenade - St. Marcellin |
|
Where is Vacqueyras?
|
France/ Southern Rhone/ between Chateauneuf-du-Pape and Gigondas
|
|
Where was the notorious "wine lake" up until recently?
|
France/ Languedoc-Roussillon
|
|
What is the Vin de Pays for Languedoc/Roussillon?
|
Vin de Pays d'Oc
|
|
What type of wines come from Coteaux du Languedoc?
|
Reds, whites and roses
|
|
What are a few important AOCs from Languedoc/Roussillon?
|
- Coteaux du Languedoc
- Faugeres - St. Chinian - Minervois - Cotes-du-Roussillon - Corbrieres - Collioure |
|
What are some food pairings for Languedoc/Roussillon?
|
- Vegetables, fresh fish, mushrooms, snails, anchovies
- Octopus with artichokes and savory walnut creme - Baked bell pepper with anchovies - Sausage stews - Vegetables and meat grilled over vine-cuttings - Cassoulet |
|
What year did Pliny call the "greatest vintage"?
|
121 BC
|
|
What year was the Italian DOC formed?
|
1963
|
|
In 1966, which was the first Italian DOC named?
|
Vernaccia di San Gimignano
|
|
When was the IGT created?
|
1992
|
|
What are the main grape varieties used in Italy?
|
- Sangiovese
- Trebbiano - Malvasia |
|
In Italy, what does "Classico" mean?
|
The original center of a DOC region
|
|
What are the important DOCGs of Piedmont?
|
- Barolo
- Barbaresco - Gavi - Moscato d'Asti - Asti |
|
What type of wines come from Barolo and Barbaresco?
|
- Long-lived tannic reds from Nebbiolo
- Slightly softer wines in Barbaresco |
|
What type of wines come from Gavi?
|
Still white wines with lemony acidity from Cortese grapes
|
|
What is the most northerly region of Italy?
|
Trentino-Alto Adige
|
|
What is the main grape of Trentino-Alto Adige
|
Pinot Grigio
|
|
What type of wines come from Soave DOC?
|
- Crisp whites based on Garganega
- Range from neutral to aromatic - Dry to sweet |
|
What type of wines come from Valpolicella?
|
- Light, fruity reds for early drinking
- From Corvina, Rondinella and Molinara - Ripasso technique adds body and flavor |
|
What are some details of Amarone della Valpolicella?
|
- Semi-dried grapes
- Dry, full-bodied, intense and alcoholic reds - Raisinated style - From Corvina, Molinara, Rondinella - Minimum 14% alcohol |
|
What type of wines come from Recioto della Valpolicella?
|
- Semi-dried grapes
- Sweet reds - From Corvina, Rondinella and Molinara |
|
What is the main difference between Amarone della Valpolicella and Recioto della Valpolicella?
|
Amorone is dry while Recioto is sweet
|
|
What type of soil is in Tuscany?
|
Limestone
|
|
What grape variety is used for Brunello di Montalcino?
|
100% Sangiovese
|
|
What was the first wine classified as DOCG?
|
Vino Nobile di Montepulciano
|
|
What are some details of Vin Santo?
|
- Red or white grapes
- Dried grapes - Slow fermentation - Long maturation in barrel - Deliberately oxidized style - "Sour mash" seeding of the yeast |
|
Name a couple Super-Tuscan wines?
|
- Sassicaia
- Tignanello (Antinori) |
|
What are some good vintages for Barolo and Barbaresco?
|
2004, 1999, 1998, 1997, 1996, 1990, 1989, 1988
|
|
What are some food pairings for Northern Italy?
|
- Cream, butter, beans, corn, pork, veal, cured meats
- Potatoes, asparagus, eel, wild duck, rice, white truffles - Minestrone, polenta, stuffed pasta, risotto, panini, radicchio forno, balsamic vinegar - Bacon or spinach dumplings, Goose stuffed with nuts, Fonduta, Apple strudel, Panettone - Grana padano, gorgonzola, asiago, parmigiano reggiano, taleggio |
|
What are some food pairings for Central and Southern Italy?
|
- Olive oil, olives, balsamic vinegar, mushrooms, tomatoes, beans, squid
- Veal, truffles, piqeon, calamari, gelato - Osso Buco, Bistecca all Fiorentina, Pig's liver in herb sauce, Squid stuffed with herbs, veal and bread crumbs, Lasagna, Cannelloni, Stuffed olives, Spaghetti, Saltimbocca - Pecorino Romano, Mozzarella |
|
What are the only DOCa and COQ in Spain?
|
Rioja and Priorato
|
|
What is the name of the particular soil of Priorato?
|
Llicorella
|
|
What are the details of wines labeled Crianza in Spain?
|
Reds
- Sold after two years at winery - Six months minimum wood aging (1 year for Rioja) Whites - Six months in barrel - Sold after 18 months at winery |
|
What are the details of wines labeled Reserva in Spain?
|
Reds
- Good wines from good vintages - Sold after minimum three years at winery - One year minimum wood aging Whites - Six months in barrel - Sold after 24 months at winery |
|
What are the details of wines labeled Gran Reserva in Spain?
|
Reds
- Best wines from exceptional vintages - Sold after minimum five years at winery - Two year minimum wood aging Whites - Six months in barrel - Sold after 48 months at winery |
|
What are the soil-types in Spain?
|
- Limestone
- Clay - Coarse Sand - Granite - Albariza (Sherry) - LLicorella (Priorat) |
|
What are some details of Spain's viticulture?
|
- Low density plantings
- Low yields due to water stress - Mostly gobelet-trained (en vaso) - High average age of vines - Irrigation legal since 1996 |
|
What are the most planted white grapes of Spain?
|
- Airen
- Macabeo (Viura) - Albarino |
|
What is most Airen used for in Spain?
|
Plonk and brandy
|
|
What grape is used most for Cava?
|
Macabeo
|
|
What are the most planted red grapes of Spain?
|
- Garnacha
- Monastrell (Mourvedre) - Cabernet Sauvignon - Tempranillo under many synonyms; Cencibel, Tinto Fino, Tinto del Pais, Ull de Llebre |
|
What type of wines come from Ribera del Duero?
|
- Full-bodied reds based on Tinto del Pais (Tempranillo)
|
|
What type of wines come from Rias Baixas?
|
Perfumed, crisp whites from Albarino
|
|
What are some details of the wines from Rioja?
|
- Considered the most important Spanish wine
- Reds based on Tempranillo (about 70% with the rest from Garnacha and Carignan) - Whites based on Viura (Macabeo) - More French oak for modern wines |
|
What are the three zones of Rioja?
|
- Rioja Alta
- Rioja Alavesa - Rioja Baja |
|
Which two are the best of the three zones of Rioja?
|
- Rioja Alavesa
- Rioja Baja |
|
What are some details of the wines of Priorat?
|
- Known for full-bodied and spicy reds based on old-vine Garnacha and Cabernet Sauvignon
|
|
What are a few progressive DOs of Southern Spain?
|
- Alicante
- Yecla - Jumilla - Almansa |
|
What are some food pairings for Spanish wines?
|
- Olive oil, garlic, cod, eels, anchovies, lamb and mutton, chicken, artichokes, avocados, peppers, tomatoes, oranges, serrano ham, sausage
- Tapas, Marinated mushrooms and srtichokes with fried chicken, olives and cheese, Paella and Casseroles, Gazpacho, Fried fish, Salt cod - Marinated, fried squid with tomatoes, Roast chicken with red peppers, Roast leg of lamb, Suckling pig, Valencia orange flan - Manchego |
|
What are the four wine-law levels in Portugal?
|
- Vinho de Mesa
- Vinho de Regional - IPR (Indicacao de Proveniencia Regulamentada) - DOC (Denominacao de Origem Controlada) |
|
What are the soil types of Portugal?
|
- Granite
- Schist - Sand |
|
What is a red grape variety with red flesh?
|
Alicante Bouche
|
|
What are the main grapes of Portugal?
|
- Alvarinho
- Touriga Nacional - Tinta Roriz - Baga - Paraquita - Alicante Bouche |
|
In Portugal, what does Reserva mean?
|
From a single vintage and with higher alcohol requirements
|
|
On a wine label from Portugal, what does "Garrafeira" mean?
|
White wines
- Sold after one year at winery/ six months in barrel Red wines - Sold after three years at winery/ two years in barrel - 1% extra alcohol |
|
What is Vinho Verde famous for?
|
Light-bodied whites from Alvarinho
|
|
What type of wines come from Dao?
|
- Rustic reds based on Tuoriga Nacional
- Aromatic whites from Encruzado |
|
What type of wines come from Bairrada?
|
- In Portugal
- Predominantly reds from Baga |
|
What are some food pairings for wines from Portugal?
|
- Salt cod, pork, crab, sausage, potatoes, pickled onion, garlic, salt
- Bacalau, Vinhos d'Alhos, Baked crab with port - Sao Jorge, Serra da Estrela |
|
What is the difference between Tafelwein and Deutscher Tafelwein?
|
Tafelwein can be made from grapes from anywhere in the EU, whereas Deutscher Tafelwein must be made from grapes grown inside Germany.
|
|
How many Anbaugebiete are there?
|
13
|
|
What is Oechsle?
|
The same as Brix. Sugar level.
|
|
Between QmP and QbA which one is allowed chaptalization?
|
QbA
|
|
What are the six levels of German QmP wine law?
|
- Kabinett
- Spatlese - Auslese - Beerenauslese - Eiswein - Trockenbeerenauslese |
|
Eiswein must be at least as sweet as which other QmP level?
|
Beerenauslese
|
|
Is chaptalization allowed for QmP?
|
No
|
|
What is a Bereich?
|
A large area within an Anbaugebiete
|
|
What is a Gemeinde?
|
In Germany, a cummune or village
|
|
Name a few Anbaugebiete?
|
- Ahr
- Baden - Franken - Hessische Bergstrasse - Mittelrhein - Mosel - Nahe - Pfalz - Rheingau - Rheinhessen - Saale-Unstrut - Sachsen - Wurttemberg |
|
What is a Grosselage?
|
A collection of vineyards
|
|
What is a Einzellage?
|
A single vineyard
|
|
What is Erzeugerabfullung and Gutsabfullung?
|
A producer or estate bottled
|
|
What is a major issue in Germany?
|
Cold and frost. The grapes struggle to ripen.
|
|
What are the soil types in Germany?
|
- Slate
- Sandstone - Loess |
|
What are some details of German Viticulture?
|
- Vines staked on steep slopes
- Pendelbogen-training (on wires) - Planted to maximize sun exposure - Very high yields compared to other EU regions |
|
What are the common grape varieties in Germany?
|
- Riesling
- Silvaner - Muller-Thurgau - Pinot Gris (Rulander, Grauburgunder) - Spatburgunder (Pinot Noir) especially in Pfalz |
|
What are some details of wines from Mosel-Saar-Ruwer?
|
- Steep, slate slopes
- Light-bodied whites from Riesling - High acidity - Residual sugar - Lime, floral and mineral character |
|
What are some details of wines from the Rheingau?
|
- South facing slopes
- Fuller-bodied Rieslings with tropical fruit character - Higher alcohol - Often vinified dry (about 80% of the time) |
|
What are some details of wines from the Rheinhessen?
|
- Primarily flat land
- Best wines from slopes - Home of Liebfraumilch |
|
What are some details of the wines from Pfalz?
|
- Alsace-influenced grape varieties
- Riesling, Rulander, Spatburgunder - Fuller-bodied wines - Drier, higher alcohol styles |
|
What are some good German vintages?
|
2007, 2005, 2001, 1995, 1990, 1989, 1988, 1976, 1975
|
|
What was the worst vintage of German wine in the past few decades?
|
1991
|
|
What are some food pairings for German wines?
|
- Pork, sausage (bratwurst), veal, goose, onions, cabbage, potato, wheat
- Schnitzel (breaded porkchop), Boiled new Potatoes, Sauerkraut, Roast Goose, Black Forest cake, Stollen (fruit cake w/ icing) - Limburger, munster, cambozola |
|
When was the wine scandal of Austria?
|
1985
|
|
What are the common grape varieties of Austria?
|
- Gruner Veltliner
- Riesling - Blaufrankisch (Lemberger) - Zweigelt (Lemberger X St Lorent) |
|
What are the Austrian National Classification levels?
|
- Tafelwein
- Landwein - Qualitatswein - Kabinett |
|
What are the three categories of the Wachau Classification?
|
- Steinfeder
- Federspeil - Smaragd |
|
What is the DAC in Austria?
|
Districtus Austriae Controllatus
|
|
What are the important regions of Austria?
|
- Wien (Vienna)
- Wachau - Kremstal - Kamptal - Burgenland |
|
What are the classic regions for Gruner Veltliner?
|
Austria/ Wachau, Kremstal, Kamptal
|
|
What are the main grapes of Hungary?
|
- Furmint
- Harslevelu |
|
What is the important wine of Hungary?
|
Tokaji Aszu
|
|
In Hungary, what does Aszu mean?
|
Botrytis affected
|
|
How is Tokaji Aszu made?
|
- Aszu (botrytis-affected) grapes are pounded into a paste
- The paste is added to dry wine made from healthy grapes |
|
Which country was the first to produce Botrytis-affected wines?
|
Hungary
|
|
Aside from geography and varietals, what is a major difference between Sauternes and Tokaji Aszu?
|
Tokaji Aszu is not oaked, while Sauternes is
|
|
What is a Gonc?
|
In Hungary, a 136-140 liter cask traditionally used to measure base wine
|
|
What is a Puttony?
|
In Hungary, a traditional 20-25kg container used to measure Aszu paste
|
|
The more puttonyos, the _____ the wine.
|
Sweeter
|
|
What is the most concentrated version of Tokaji Aszu?
|
Esszencia
|
|
What is the famous red wine from Hungary?
|
Bull's Blood
|
|
Where is Burgenland?
|
Austria
|
|
What are a couple of great vintages for Tokaji Aszu?
|
1999, 1993
|
|
Why was phylloxera a relatively small problem in Spain?
|
- Sandy, dry soils
- Vineyard isolation - They learned ahead from the French |
|
Regarding Portugal's Vinho Verde, what are the two different meanings of the word "Verde"?
|
- Green
- Fresh or youthfull |
|
Which grapes are allowed for the production of Tokaji Aszu in Hungary?
|
- Furmint
- Harslevelu - Muscat |
|
What are the two main grape varieties used in the production of Tokaji Aszu in Hungary?
|
- Furmint
- Harslevelu |
|
Name four indigenous grape varieties found in Spain.
|
- Garnacha
- Tempranillo - Albarino - Macabeo - Palomino - Xarel-lo - Pedro Ximenez (PX) |
|
Germany is well-known for developing vine crossings. Why has this been a necessary part of German viticulture?
|
Because of Germany's harsh climate, they've needed to find or create grapes more able to withstand the cold weather.
|
|
What are the four levels of quality under Spanish wine law?
|
- Vino de Pagos
- VCIG - DO - DOCa |
|
What is the major climatic difference between the north and south of Spain?
|
The north is a more continental climate, the south more Mediterranean.
|
|
What two organizations were created in 1935 to control fraud in the wine industry?
|
- INAO
- SdRdF |
|
Name the four levels of quality based on age found in the DO classifications in Spain.
|
- Joven
- Crianza - Reserva - Gran Reserva |
|
What is the definition of Joven by the DO classification in Spain?
|
Young wine with no aging required
|
|
By the DO classification in Spain, what is the definition of Crianza for reds?
|
Two years aging; one in oak and one in bottle.
|
|
By the DO classification in Spain, what is the definition of Reserva for reds?
|
Three years of aging; one in oak and two in bottle.
|
|
By the DO classification in Spain, what is the definition of Gran Reserva for reds?
|
Five years of aging; two in oak and three in bottle.
|
|
What is Liebfraumilch and where is most of it from?
|
- A simple white wine made from various grapes
- From Germany in the Rheinhessen |
|
Name four Anbaugebiete in Germany.
|
1) Ahr
2) Baden 3) Franken 4) Hessische Bergstrasse 5) Mittelrhein 6) Mosel 7) Nahe 8) Pfalz 9) Rheingau 10) Rheinhessen 11) Saale-Unstrut 12) Sachsen 13) Wurttemberg |
|
Name four major Anbaugebiete in Germany.
|
- Mosel
- Nahe - Pfalz - Rheingau - Rheinhessen |
|
If a red wine smells like bananas, bubblegum, and cotton-candy, what wine-making technique could be responsible?
|
Carbonic maceration
|
|
What is the name given to the Tempranillo grape in Spain's Ribero del Duero?
|
Tinto del Pais
|
|
What lake is prominent in the Veneto region of Italy?
|
Garda
|
|
Name four faults found in wine and describe their scent.
|
1) TCA (trichlorolanisol or "corked").
- Wet cardboard/moldy newspaper/damp basement 2) SO2 (Sulpher dioxide) - Sulpher/rotten eggs/burnt matches 3) VA (Volatile acidity) - Nailpolish remover/acetone 4) Brett (Brettanomyces) - Barnyard/moussy 5) Mercaptins - Sweaty onions 6) Oxidized - Cooked, nutty flavors |
|
A Spatlese level wine from Germany can be dry or sweet. True or false?
|
True
|
|
What are the two DOCa's (DOQ in Catalan) in Spain as of 2004?
|
Rioja (DOCa) and Priorat (DOQ)
|
|
What is the most planted grape variety in terms of acreage in the world?
|
Airen
|
|
Where was the birth of sparkling wine in the United States?
|
Ohio. Longworth's Sparkling Catawba
|
|
Who was the wine pioneer of California?
|
Agoston Haraszthy
|
|
Who oversees wine law in the United States since 2002?
|
The Alcohol, Tax, and Trade
|
|
Who was the pioneer of viticulture in the Finger Lakes region of New York State?
|
Dr. Konstantin Frank
|
|
What are the four largest wine-producing countries in the world?
|
- Italy
- France - Spain - USA |
|
What is an AVA?
|
American Viticultural Area
|
|
What are the details of an AVA?
|
- Outlines region of production
- No quality grading system - Varietally labeled, some proprietary labeling |
|
What percentage of a certain grape must be in a single vineyard-labeled varietal wine in the USA?
|
95%
|
|
What percentage of a single grape must be in a varietally labeled wine in the USA?
|
75%
|
|
What is the exception to the rule that a varietally-labeled wine must contain 75% of the labeled variety in the USA?
|
Oregon, where 90% is the requirement
|
|
In Oregon, what percentage of a certain variety must be in a varietally-labeled wine?
|
90%
|
|
In the USA, on a country or state-labeled bottle, what percentage of the grapes must be from the labeled location?
|
75%
|
|
On AVA-labeled bottles, what percentage of the grapes must be from tha stated AVA?
|
85%
|
|
What are the exceptions to the rule that AVA-labeled bottles must be 85% from grapes from the stated AVA?
|
Oregon and Washington which both require 100%
|
|
In Washington and Oregon, on AVA-labeled wines, what percentage of the grapes must be from the stated AVA?
|
100%
|
|
In the USA, what percentage of a single vintage must a wine contain if vintage-labeled?
|
95%
|
|
In the USA, vintage-labeled wine must contain what percentage of wine from the stated vintage?
|
95%
|
|
What is the climate-type of California?
|
Mediterranean
|
|
What are some soil-types in California?
|
- Alluvial
- Rich loam - Volcanic - Granite |
|
What are some details if viticulture in California?
|
- Generally lower density than European vineyards
- Several training systems - Irrigation - Hand-harvesting for top vineyards - Phylloxera and Pierce's Disease are modern threats |
|
What was the UC Davis rootstock that failed to be phylloxera-immune as promised?
|
AxR-1 (Aramon crossed with Rupestris Ganzin number 1)
|
|
What are some common grape varieties in California?
|
Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot Zinfandel Syrah Pinot Noir Chardonnay Sauvignon Blanc |
|
What are some details of the Lodi/Woodbridge AVA?
|
- Highly productive area
- Warm, dry area - High yields - Zinfandel common - Average Zinfandel vine age: 85 years |
|
What are some details of the Napa Valley AVA?
|
- 30 miles long
- In summer temperatures can be warmer by one degree per mile heading north - San Pablo Bay - Valley floor extensively planted - Most famous for Cabernet Sauvignon |
|
What are the main sub-regions of the Napa Valley AVA?
|
- Oakville AVA
- Rutherford AVA - Howell Mountain AVA - Stag's Leap AVA - Carneros AVA |
|
What are some tasting differences between the main sub-regions of the Napa Valley AVA?
|
- Oakville AVA has wines with concentrated fruit
- Rutherford AVA wines have distinct minerality - Howell Mountain AVA are tannic wines from high altitude - Stag's Leap AVA are slower ripening wines with herbal and light floral notes - Carneros AVA are earlier ripening varieties often used for sparkling wine |
|
What are some important AVA's of California outside of Napa?
|
- Sonoma County
- Sonoma Valley - Russian River Valley - Dry Creek - Santa Barbara - Santa Maria - Santa Ynez |
|
What is a prominant grape in Sonoma County?
|
Zinfandel
|
|
What is a prominant grape in the Central Coast?
|
Viognier
|
|
What are some California foods?
|
- Avacado, swordfish, shrimp and prawns, wild boar, oranges
|
|
What is the second largest wine producing state?
|
Washington
|
|
What are the climate types for Washington State?
|
- Western side of the state is maritime
- Eastern side of the state is continental |
|
What are some details of viticulture in Washington state?
|
- High cordon training
- Ungrafted vines - Protection against winter freezes - Irrigation from Columbia River |
|
Why are most of the vines in Washington State ungrafted?
|
A deep freeze every few years keeps phylloxera from fully taking hold of vines
|
|
What are the most common grape varieties in Washington State?
|
Merlot
Cabernet Sauvignon Syrah Riesling Chardonnay |
|
How many AVA's are in Washington State?
|
9
|
|
What are the most known AVA's of Washington State?
|
- Columbia Valley
- Yakima Valley - Walla Walla Valley |
|
In what ways does Oregon compair to Burgundy?
|
- Cooler climates
- Attention to individual vineyard sites - Pinot Noir does well - Focus on single varietal wines |
|
What are the soils types of Oregon State?
|
- Volcanic
- Marine fossils - Red-clay loam |
|
What is the soil type of the Dundee Hills region of Oregon State?
|
Red-clay loam
|
|
What are the main grape varieties of Oregon State?
|
Pinot Noir
Pinot Gris |
|
What is the most important AVA of Oregon State?
|
Willamette Valley
|
|
Where is the Umpqua Valley?
|
USA/ Oregon/ middle-ish part of the state
|
|
What are some important AVA's of Oregon State?
|
- Willamette Valley
- Umpqua Valley - Rogue Valley - Columbia Valley |
|
What are some Pacific Northwest foods?
|
- Oysters, salmon, hazelnuts, lamb, artisan cheeses
|
|
What are the two main areas for vine growing in Canada?
|
Niagara Peninsula and Okanagan Valley
|
|
What is the soil type for Niagara Peninsula?
|
Limestone and glacial till
|
|
What is the soil type for the Okanagan Valley?
|
Sand
|
|
What are the common grape varieties for the Niagara Peninsula?
|
- History of hybrids
Vidal Baco Noir - Vitis Vinifera Riesling Cabernet Franc |
|
What are the common grape varieties for the Okanagan Valley?
|
Pinot Gris
Pinot Blanc Riesling Pinot Noir Merlot Syrah |
|
Who was Claudio Gay?
|
He set up a botanical nursery in Chile in the 1830's specializing in Bordeaux varieties.
|
|
What is the climate type of Chile?
|
Mediterranean
|
|
What is the main soil-type in Chile?
|
Sand
|
|
What are some viticultural details in Chile?
|
- Ungrafted vines due to vineyard isolation
- Irrigation water from melted snow - Lifecycle opposite that if Northern Hemisphere |
|
What are some of the common grape varieties in Chile?
|
Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot Carmenere Chardonnay Sauvignon Blanc |
|
What French varietal shows its best examples in Chile?
|
Carmenere
|
|
What are some details of Aconcagua?
|
- Most northerly region of Chile
- Hot, dry interior - Good red wines |
|
What are some details of Casablanca?
|
- Cool, wet area
- Crisp whites |
|
What are some details about the Maipo Valley?
|
- Best known region of Chile
- South of Santiago - Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay are the most planted varieties |
|
What are some details about the Rapel Valley?
|
- Two sub-regions; Cachapoal and Colchagua
- Reputation for Cabernet Sauvignon |
|
What are some details of wines grown at high altitudes that differ from those of other elevations?
|
- Greater diurnal shift
- High phenolics |
|
What is the climate type in Argentina?
|
Warm continental
|
|
What are the soil-types in Argentina?
|
- Sand
- Clay - Alluvial |
|
What are some details of viticulture in Argentina?
|
- Traditionally very high yields
- Best sites at high alititudes - Irrigation channels distribute water to vineyards - recent introduction of drip-irrigation |
|
What are some common grape varieties in Argentina?
|
Malbec
Cabernet Sauvignon Bonarda Torrontes Chardonnay |
|
What are some details of Mendoza?
|
- Best known region of Argentina
- Largest production in Argentina - Foreign investment - Concentrated reds - Classic region for Malbec |
|
Where do the white grapes for wines of Mendoza come from?
|
San Juan, the region to the north of Mendoza
|
|
What are some food differences between Chile and Argentina?
|
Chile is focused on indigenous foods while Argentina has a heavy European influence.
|
|
What are some details of wine in Uruguay?
|
- Vinifera are replacing hybrids
- 1/3 Tannat - Cooled by Atlantic breezes - All hand harvested - Export market push |
|
What is a G.I.?
|
In Australia, a Geographic Indicator. Geographical areas enforced by the Label Integrity Program (LIP).
|
|
What are some details of Australia's wine laws?
|
- Approximately 25 wine zones, with regions and sub-regions
- No Chaptalizing - 85% variety/85% region/ 95% vintage |
|
What are the Australian percentage requirements for the following labels:
Varietal Regional Vintage |
Varietal - 85%
Regional - 85% Vintage - 95% |
|
What are the main climate types of Australia?
|
Mediterranean
|
|
What are the main soil-types in Australia?
|
- Sand
- Clay Loam - Terra Rossa (especially in Coonawarra) - Limestone |
|
What is the main soil-type in Coonawarra?
|
Terra Rossa
|
|
What are some viticultural details of Australia?
|
- Irrigation
- Canopy management - Many vines ungrafted - Opposite growing season to Northern Hemisphere |
|
What are some details of vinification in Australia?
|
- Leaders in technology
- Blending between regions - Acidification widely practiced - Oak and oak alternatives used - No chaptalization |
|
What are the main grape varieties of Australia?
|
Shiraz (Syrah)
Cabernet Sauvignon Grenache Chardonnay Riesling Semillon |
|
What are the important regions of South Australia?
|
- Barossa Valley
- Clare Valley - Coonawarra - McLaren Vale - Riverland |
|
What type of wine is the Barossa Valley known for?
|
- High quality varietal wines
- Well-regarded Shiraz - Eden Valley and Hill of Grace |
|
What kind of wine is Clare Valley known for?
|
Dry Riesling
|
|
Where is Hill of Grace?
|
Australia/ South Australia/ Eden Valley
|
|
What type of wines is Coonawarra known for?
|
Cabernet Sauvignon
|
|
What type of wines is McLaren Vale known for?
|
Quality Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon
|
|
What are some details of Riverland?
|
- Located in eastern South Australia
- Bulk wine producing region - Heavily irrigated |
|
What is the main region of Victoria and some details about it?
|
- Yarra Valley
- Cooler climate with long growing season - Pinot Noir and Chardonnay - Rutherglen "stickies" |
|
What is the main bulk wine producing area of New South Wales?
|
Riverina
|
|
What is the most important region of New South Wales?
|
Hunter Valley
|
|
What are some details of the Hunter Valley?
|
- Two distinct sections: Upper and Lower
- Quality Chardonnay and Semillon from the Upper Valley |
|
In the Hunter Valley, what is Semillon known as?
|
Hunter Valley Riesling
|
|
What is the main region of Western Australia?
|
Margaret River
|
|
What are some details of the Margaret River?
|
- Well-regarded
- Focus on high quality - Reds and whites from Bordeaux varieties - 2% of total Australian production - 25% of total quality production |
|
What are some foods of Australia?
|
- Lamb, swordfish, tuna, shark, prawns, mango, passionfruit
|
|
What was the first grape varietal thought to be best suited to New Zealand?
|
Muller-Thurgau
|
|
What is the climate type of New Zealand?
|
Maritime
|
|
What is the soil-type in New Zealand?
|
- Stony
- Gravel |
|
What are the main grape varieties of New Zealand?
|
Sauvignon Blanc
Chardonnay Pinot Noir |
|
What are the main areas of the North Island of New Zealand?
|
- Hawke's Bay
- Wairarapa (Martinborough) |
|
What are some details of Hawke's bay?
|
- Relatively high sunshine hours
- Bordeaux blends based on Merlot - Chardonnay, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc with ripe flavors |
|
What type of wines come from Martinborough?
|
Small production of top-quality Pinot Noir
|
|
What is the Maori name for Martinborough?
|
Wairarapa
|
|
What are the main regions of the South Island of New Zealand?
|
- Marlborough
- Central Otago |
|
What are some details of Marlborough?
|
- Best know region of New Zealand
- Crisp and herbaceous Sauvignon Blanc |
|
What type of wines come from Central Otago?
|
Top-quality, concentrated Pinot Noir
|
|
What are some foods of New Zealand?
|
- Kiwi, mussels, lamb, Pavlova
- Hangi; Maori pit to cook meats, fish and vegetables. Meat jerky. |
|
What is the KWV?
|
Kooperatieve Wijnbouwers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika Bpkt
|
|
What is the Kooperatieve Wijnbouwers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika Bpkt better known as?
|
KWV
|
|
What are the percentage requirements for the following South African label-types?
Varietal Vintage Regional |
Varietal - 75%
Vintage - 75% Regional - 100% |
|
What is the climate type for South Africa?
|
Mediterranean
|
|
What current cools the vineyards of South Africa?
|
Benguela
|
|
What is the Benguela Current?
|
A current from Antarctica that cools the vineyards of South Africa
|
|
What are the soil types in South Africa?
|
- Wide variation
- Acidic - Granite |
|
What are some details of viticulture in South Africa?
|
- Soil adjustments
- Gobelet training replaced by cordon training - Irrigation in inland areas |
|
What are the main grape varieties in South Africa?
|
Pinotage
Cabernet Sauvignon Shiraz Saivignon Blanc Chenin Blanc Chardonnay |
|
What is Pinotage?
|
Pinot Noir crossed with Cinsault (Hermitage)
|
|
What is another name for the Cinsault grape?
|
Hermitage
|
|
Until recently, what was Chenin Blanc known as in South Africa?
|
Steen
|
|
What are some details of Stellenbosch?
|
- Maritime influences
- High-quality bordeaux-style wines - Pinotage |
|
What are some details about Paarl?
|
- Headquarters of KWV
- All styles of wine produced |
|
What are some food of South Africa?
|
- Game, ostrich, antelope, prawns, fish (kingklip), beef, lamb and mutton, Biltong
- Cornbread, figs, coconuts, spices, chile peppers, tengerines, tamarind |
|
What are the two main regions of South Africa?
|
- Stellenbosch
- Paarl |
|
Describe the significant elements in Terra Rossa soil.
|
Limestone with red clay loam
|
|
Where is Terra Rossa soil most often found, specifically?
|
Australia/ South Australia/ Limestone Coast/ Coonawarra
|
|
What were the some of the largest hinderances to the developement of the wine industry in New Zealand?
|
- Land used more for sheep grazing
- Isolation - Harsh climate - Anti-alcohol conservatism |
|
Name the two VQA growing provinces.
|
British Columbia
Ontario |
|
If a vintage is on a bottle of California Chardonnay, what percentage of the wine has to come from that year?
|
95%
|
|
What are some elements that are important for good quality wine soil?
|
- Low nutrient content
- Good depth/drainage - Low surface Nitrogen - Retention of heat |
|
Name the Spanish explorer who is credited with bringing vines to Chile.
|
Cortez
|
|
When did Cortez bring vines to Chile?
|
1532
|
|
Name 3 important areas of quality that the Label Integrity Program of Australia guarantees for the consumer.
|
- Vintage labeled/85%
- Varietally labeled/85% - Regional label/95% - No chaptalization - Blends must list % of each grape used from most to least |
|
What does the acronym WO stand for in South Africa?
|
Wine of Origin
|
|
Approximately how many AVA's are there?
|
200-ish as of 2008
|
|
What is the difference between ice wine and icewine?
|
When used as one word, it refers to ice wine made in Canada, who holds a trademark on the single word spelling of icewine.
|
|
What is the most common viticultural practice in Argentina?
|
Trough irrigation
|
|
In a blind tasting, you have a brown/orange wine with a slight rim variation. On the nose you can smell leather, tar, truffles, stewed fruits, and violets. On the palate the tannins are extremely high. What could the wine be?
|
Nebbiolo based; Italy/ Piedmont/ Barolo, Barbaresco
|
|
Which wine producing country is known for producing Gruner Veltliner?
|
Austria
|
|
What are the two main grape varieties used in the production of Tokaji Aszu?
|
Furmint
Harslevelu |
|
How is the sweetness of Tokaji Aszu measured?
|
Puttonyos
|
|
What are the two most famous Shiraz's of Australia?
|
Penfold's Grange
Hill of Grace |
|
What is the most famous dessert wine?
|
Port
|
|
What is the soil-type in Portugal?
|
Schist
|
|
What do each of the following terms refer to:
- Vinha ao Alto - Socalcos - Patamares |
For viticulture in Portugal:
- Vinha ao Alto is staking the vines directly into the soil on the hillside - Socalcos is when the hillsides are terraced using walls to hold each terrace - Patamares in when the terraces are dug right into the hillside |
|
In Portugal, what is Socalcos?
|
Vine staking on walled terraces
|
|
In Portugal, what is Vinha ao Alto?
|
Vine staking right into the hillside
|
|
In Portugal, what is Patamares?
|
Vine staking on dug terraces
|
|
What are the six main port grapes?
|
Touriga Nacional
Touriga Francesa Tinta Roriz Tinta Barroca Tinta Cao Tinta Amarela |
|
In Portugal, what are the 600 liter casks called?
|
Pipes
|
|
What is the name of the Port vineyard classification system?
|
Beneficio Grading System
|
|
What is the Beneficio Grading System based on?
|
A points system considering altitude, yield, soil, location, vine variety and age, and slope.
|
|
In port production, after the wine is separated from the skins it is run into a large tank containing how much spirit?
|
77%
|
|
What defines the style of port?
|
The degree of wood aging
|
|
What are some qualities of ruby port?
|
- Commercial quality
- Blend of vintages - Meant to be drunk upon release - 3 to 6 years in oak |
|
what are some details of vintage port?
|
- Finest quality
- Declared vintages only - One vintage - 2 to 3 years in oak - Deeply colored, tannic and extremely concentrated - Needs long bottle aging - Throws heavy sediment |
|
What are some details of LBV?
|
- Late bottled vintage
- Good quality - Single vintage - Un-declared vintage - 4 to 6 years in wood - Filtered before bottling - ready upon release |
|
What are some details of Single-Quinta Vintage port?
|
- Single estate
- Usually un-declared vintage - 2 to 3 years in wood - improves with bootle aging |
|
Vintage, LBV, and Single-Quinta are all what style of port?
|
Ruby
|
|
What are some details of Tawny port?
|
- Blend of vintages
- Lower quality from lighter wines - May be a blend of red and white grapes - Good quality has intentional oxidizing - Ready upon release |
|
What are some details of age indicated tawny?
|
- May say 10, 20, 30, 40 years
- Blend of vintages - Age refers to assumed average age of wines in the blend - High quality - Notes of roasted nuts, figs, and caramel - Ready upon release |
|
What are some details of Colheita port?
|
- Single vintage
- Minimum 7 years aging in wood - Very high quality - Vintage and bottling date will appear on label |
|
Colheita is what style of port?
|
Tawny
|
|
What are some details of white port?
|
- Blend of vintages
- White grapes or reds without maceration - Range of sweetness styles - ready upon release - Best with tonic and lime |
|
What are some wood-aged ports?
|
- White
- Ruby - LBV - Tawny - Colheita |
|
What are some bottle-aged styles of port?
|
- Vintage
- Single quinta - Crusted Port |
|
How long does port keep for after opening?
|
- Bottle-aged styles/about 3 weeks
- Tawny styles/ 2 to 3 months |
|
What is the most important soil-type of the sherry region?
|
Albariza
|
|
What is Chlorosis?
|
The inability of a vine to pull iron from the soil. Can be caused by chalky soil.
|
|
What are some details of viticulture in Sherry?
|
- Lime-resistant
- Moderate vine density - Relatively high yields |
|
What are the grape varieties for Sherry?
|
- Palomino
- Pedro Ximenez (PX) - Moscatel (Muscat) |
|
In Sherry, what are the 600 liter oak casks called?
|
Butts
|
|
How are Sherries classified?
|
According to quality levels and degree of Flor growth
|
|
What does Flor do to Sherry?
|
Protects from oxidation and adds strong flavors characters of blanched almonds and brine
|
|
In Sherry, wines with strong Flor growth become...?
|
Fino style
|
|
In Sherry, wines with minimul or no Flor growth become what style?
|
Oloroso
|
|
In Sherry, after fermentation has completed but before fortification, what happens?
|
The wines is classified
|
|
What is Mitad y Mitad?
|
Literally half and half. In Sherry production, it is the 1/2 old wine and 1/2 190 proof spirit used to fortify the Sherry
|
|
Finos are fortified to what %?
|
15.5%
|
|
Oloroso Sherries are fortified to what level?
|
18%
|
|
What is a Solera?
|
A fractional system of blending
|
|
What is each level in a Solera called?
|
Criadera
|
|
What are some details of Fino Sherry?
|
- Aged under layer of Flor
- pale color with flavors of brine, blanched almonds and olives - Not meant to be stored after opening - Serve chilled |
|
What style of Sherry should be served chilled?
|
Fino
|
|
What are some details of Manzanilla style Sherry?
|
- Fino style
- Aged on the coast at Sanlucar de Barrameda - Thick layer of Flor year-round - Very pale with intense brine and herbal characteristics - Served chilled |
|
What are some details of Amontillado style Sherry?
|
- Aged fino
- Flor either died off naturally or was killed off by fortifying - Pale golden brown with flavors of hazelnuts |
|
What are some details of Oloroso style Sherry?
|
- Deliberatly oxidized style
- Stronger, darker and richer than Fino |
|
What is Palo Cortado sherry?
|
A high quality style wine that begins as a Fino but loses its Flor
|
|
What is the difference between Amontillado sherry and Palo Cortado sherry?
|
Palo Cortado would have been Amontillado but the Flor died early
|
|
What are Cream Sherries?
|
Any style of Sherry that has been blended with sweet sherry, such as PX
|
|
What is PX?
|
Short for Pedro Ximenez, a grape variety. Also a style of Sherry whose grapes are allowed to raisin in the sun to produce very dark, very sweet varietal wines
|
|
What are Pale Cream Sherries?
|
Backsweetened Fino
|
|
How should Manzanilla be served?
|
Chilled to about 50 degrees F like all Finos
|
|
What is the soil-type on Madeira?
|
Volcanic and rich in potash
|
|
What are a couple of details of viticulture on Madeira?
|
- Low trellises
- Terraced vineyards |
|
What are the grapes varieties most used for Madeira?
|
Tinta Negra Mole
Sercial Verdelho Bual Malvasia |
|
What percentage of the labeled variety must be on Madeiras?
|
85%
|
|
What are some details of the Estufagem process?
|
- Madeira is "cooked"
- Hot rooms (Estufas) - Heated vats - Wines have distinctive green rim and tangy flavors |
|
If you are blind tasting a dessert wine that is brown in color with a note of green to it, what could it be?
|
Madeira
|
|
If you're blind tasting a brown dessert wine with a red note to it and nutty characteristics, what might it be?
|
Tawny port
|
|
What are 480 liter barrels called on Madeira?
|
Pipas
|
|
What is the driest style of Madeira?
|
Sercial
|
|
Where do VDN's come from and what grapes are they based on?
|
- Southern France
- Muscat or Grenache |
|
What are a few important VDN's?
|
- Muscat de beaume de Venise
- Banyuls - Rasteau |
|
What are VDN's known as that have been deliberately oxidized?
|
Rancio
|
|
What are Mistelles?
|
A mixture of grape juice and alcohol
|
|
What are a couple of important Mistelles?
|
- Pineau des Charentes
- Floc de Gascogne |
|
What are two French regions that use Assemblage?
|
Bordeaux and Champagne
|
|
What is Autolysis?
|
The breakdown of yeast cells
|
|
What AC are red wines from Champagne sold under?
|
Coteaux du Champenois
|
|
Who developed remuage?
|
Madam Vueve Clicquot
|
|
In 1838, who published the formula for precise dosage for 2nd fermentation?
|
Andre Francois
|
|
What is the CIVC?
|
Comite Interprofessionnel du Vin de Champagne
|
|
What is the climate of Champagne?
|
Continental
|
|
What are some hazards in Champagne?
|
Frost and winter freeze
|
|
What is the soil type for Champagne specifically?
|
Chalk sub-soils over Belimnita Quadrata on the hillsides and Micraster on the valley floor
|
|
Where is there Belimnita Quadrata?
|
In Champagne, on the hillsides
|
|
Where is there Micraster?
|
In Champagne, on the valley floor
|
|
What are some details of viticulture in Champagne?
|
- High yields
- Frost protection needed - Hand harvesting - Many small growers supply major houses |
|
What do the grape varieties of Champagne contribute to the resulting wines?
|
- Chardonnay adds finesse and structure
- Pinot Noir adds weight - Pinot Meunier adds fruit forwardness |
|
What are the main areas of Champagne?
|
- Montagne de Reims
- Vellee de la Marne - Cotes des Blancs |
|
Each of the 3 main regions of Champagne are planted primarily with what grape varieties?
|
- Montagne de Reims is mostly Pinot Noir
- Vallee de la Marne is mostly Pinot Meunier - Cote de Blancs is all Chardonnay |
|
What is the pricing system for grapes that ranks villages in Champagne?
|
Eschelle des Crus
|
|
How many Grand Cru and Premier Cru villages are there in Champagne?
|
17 and 42 respectively
|
|
How many kilograms of grapes are used for every 100 liters of juice?
|
160kg
|
|
How long does fermentation last in Champagne?
|
2 to 4 weeks
|
|
What is Sur Lattes?
|
Aging bottles stacked on racks or pupitres
|
|
What is the minimum aging for Champagne NV?
|
15 months
|
|
What is the minimum aging for Vintage Champagne?
|
36 months
|
|
In Champagne, what determines the final dryness of the wine?
|
The Dosage
|
|
What is the most common style of Champagne?
|
Non-Vintage brut
|
|
What are the sweetness levels of Champagne?
|
- Extra brut
- Brut (0-15g/l) - Extra-Sec (12-20g/l) - Sec (17-35g/l) - Demi-Sec (30-50g/l) - Doux (50+ g/l) |
|
What are Cuvee de prstige wines?
|
The best wine of a Champagne house, usually from a single vintage and the best vineyards
|
|
What are some great Champagne vintages?
|
1981, 1982, 1985, 1988, 1990, 1996, 2002, 2005
|
|
What are some other Traditional Method sparkling wines from France?
|
- Cremant d'Alsace
- Cremant de Bourgogne - Cremant de Limoux - Cremant de Loire - Saumur Mousseux - Vouvray Mousseux - Cremant de Die |
|
What grapes are used to make Cava?
|
Xarel-lo, Macabeo, and Parellada
|
|
Where were Gyropalettes invented?
|
Spain
|
|
Where is most Cava produced?
|
Spain/ Penedes
|
|
How long does non-vintage Cava have to be aged for?
|
9 Months
|
|
What are the main places where sparkling wine is produced in California?
|
- Napa and Sonoma counties/ Carneros
- Mendocino County/ Anderson Valley |
|
What are Traditional Method sparkling wines known as in South Africa?
|
Cap Classique
|
|
Where are Traditional Method sparkling wines produced in Australia?
|
- Victoria/ Yarra Valley
- Tasmania |
|
What does Mousseux mean?
|
French for fully sparkling
|
|
What does Petillant mean?
|
French for semi-sparkling
|
|
What does Frizzante mean?
|
Italian for semi-sweet, semi-sparkling
|
|
What does Spumante mean?
|
Italian for dry, full-fizz
|
|
Where is prosecco from?
|
Italy/ Veneto
|
|
What flavor profile does Tank Method not have that Traditional Method does have?
|
Autolytic character
|
|
With the ISG, how much time do you get to write essays?
|
15 minutes each
|
|
Which of the following is not a style of Champagne?
Demi-sec Sec Brut Cremant |
Cremant
|
|
Which of the following regions is known for making sparkling wine in Italy?
a) Orvieto b) Prosecco di Conegliano-Valdobiadenne c) Albana di Romagna |
b) Prosecco di Conegliano-Valdobiadenne
|
|
What percentage of alsohol is found in Aguardente?
|
77.5%
|
|
Bourgeuil in the Loire Valley produces...
|
Still, red wine from Cabernet Franc
|
|
What is the soil-type for Coonawarra Valley?
|
Terra-Rossa
|
|
Name the vine-training system used on Grenache vines in Chateauneuf-du-Pape.
|
Gobelet or bush-trained
|
|
Which of the following is not a VQA?
a) Okanagan Valley b) Quebec c) Ontario d) Niagara Peninsula |
Quebec
|
|
Which climatic hazard is Aspersion used to combat?
|
Frost
|
|
What is the highest level of quality AOC found in Burgundy?
|
Grand Cru
|
|
In what type of oak is Rioja traditionally aged?
|
American
|
|
Where is Taurasi DOCG?
|
Italy/ Campania
|
|
What grapes are used for Cava?
|
Macabeo
Xarel-lo Parellada |
|
Coonawarra has a cool climate. True or false?
|
True
|
|
What does DOCG stand for?
|
Denominazione de Origen Controllada e Garantita
|
|
What does the term "kilning" mean and how does it affect the process of making scotch whisky?
|
Kilning is the process of roasting the barley to stop the germination and set the roast level. In scotch whisky is involves smoking peat.
|
|
Where is Condrieu?
|
France/ Northern Rhone/ northern part just south of the Cote Rotie
|
|
What is the soil-type for Anjou-Saumur?
|
Tuffeau
|
|
What is the soil-type for Cote-Rotie?
|
Granite
|
|
What is the soil-type for Coonawarra?
|
Terra-Rossa
|
|
What is the soil-type for Cote du Beaune?
|
Limestone and chalk
|
|
What is the soil-type for Priorat?
|
Llicorella
|
|
What is the soil-type for Pouilly-Fume?
|
Clay and flint / Silex / Kimmeridgian
|
|
What is the soil-type for Beaujolais?
|
Granite
|
|
What is the soil-type for Duoro Valley?
|
Schist
|
|
What is the soil-type for Jerez?
|
Albariza
|
|
What is the soil-type for Chateauneuf-du-Pape?
|
Rocky / gallets
|
|
What is the soil-type for Dundee?
|
Red clay loam
|
|
What is the soil-type for Mosel-Saar-Ruwer?
|
Slate
|