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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nature vs. Nurture |
Nature: traits, capacities, limitations that each individual inherits from parents at conception Nurture: all environmental influences that affect development (after conception) |
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SIDS |
also known as cot death or crib death, is the sudden unexplained death of a child less than one year of age. |
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Plasticity |
human traits can be molded, yet people maintain a certain durability of identity |
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difference equals deficit error |
The mistaken belief that a deviation from some norm is necessarily inferior to behavior or characteristics that meet the standard. |
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Characteristics of the Life-Span Perspective
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•Development is lifelong•Development is multidimensional•Development is multidirectional•Development is plastic•Development is multidisciplinary•Development is contextual•Development involves growth, maintenance, and regulation
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classical conditioning |
stimulus ---response (Pavlov's dogs) (Watson's little Albert) (White Coat Syndrome) |
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operant conditioning |
B.F. Skinner Re-enforcers and punishments |
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Social Learning |
Albert Bandura Modeling (Bobo doll experiment) |
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Whose theory is known as the "psychosexual theory"?
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Freud
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What are the three parts of the personality according to Freud's theory?
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Id, ego, superego
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What does the id do?
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it's the largest portion of the mind; it contains our needs and desires
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What is the purpose of the ego?
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It is the rational part of the personality; redirects the impulses of the id
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What is the superego known as?
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The conscience
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What are the five stages of Freud's theory?
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ORAL (birth - 1 year)
ANAL (1-3 years) PHALLIC (3-6 years) LATENCY (6-11 years) GENITAL (adolescence -adulthood) |
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What is the name of Erickson's theory?
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PSYCHOSOCIAL
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Name the stages of the psychosocial theory:
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TRUST VS. MISTRUST (birth to 1 year); AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND DOUBT (1-3 years); INITIATIVE VS. GUILT (3-6 years)
INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY (6-11 years) INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION (emerging Adulthood) GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION (adulthood) INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR (Old Age) |
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Name the three domains of development
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COGNITIVE; PHYSICAL; EMOTIONAL
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What is the difference between continuous and discontinuous development?
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CONTINUOUS IS GRADUAL WITH ONE AREA BUILDING ON ANOTHER; DISCONTINUOUS IS STEP–BY–STEP WITH SPECIFIC TIMES FOR EACH LEARNED ASPECT
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What is the difference between nature and nurture?
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NATURE REFERS TO INBORN BIOLOGICAL GIVENS; NUTURE REFERS TO COMPLEX FORCES OF THE PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL WORLD THAT INFLUENCE OUR BIOLOGICAL MAKEUP AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIENCES BEFORE AND AFTER BIRTH
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Whose theory is the sociocultural theory?
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VYGOTSKY
culture and social guide cognitive development transmission of culture to a new generation |
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Who is responsible for an approach to child development that has moved to the forefront of the field over the past 2 decades b/c it offers that most differentiated and thorough acount of contextual influences on children's development
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BRONFENBRENNER
micro-system --where you live) exo-system -- links between social settings and immediate context macro-system --culture in which people lve chrono-system -- patterning and transistioning our life {Mesosystem inteconnections system between all} |
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What is the name of Bronfenbrenner's theory?
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ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS THEORY
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What are teratogens?
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PRENATAL INSULTS TO THE EMBRYO OR FETUS
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What can alcohol consumption cause?
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FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME
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Name three other examples of teratogens:
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PRESCRIPTION DRUGS,
SMOKING, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION |
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Behaviorism |
-people can learn through observation/imitation - Mental states are important to learning - learning doesn't always lead to change in behavior |
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behavior modification |
combines conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses example: 4 and 5 year olds' unruliness in preschool was reduced using tokens that could be traded for candy in exchange for good behavior |
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Piaget's stages of cognitive development |
Sensorimotor: Birth - 2 years. infants start understanding their world (see, hear, move) Preoperational: 2-6 years. represent the world with words and actions Concrete operational: 6-11 years. reason logically but not abstract Formal operational: 12-Adult. abstract, comparative thinking |
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information processing theory |
manipulate info develop a gradually increasing capacity for processing information thinking is information processing individuals learn strategies for better information processing |
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how many chromosomes do humans have? |
23 pairs of chromosomes |
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genome |
entire set of chromosomes |
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SNP ("snip) Single Nucleotide polymorphism |
is a DNA sequence variation occurring commonly within a population or more simply a variation in the genetic code |
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genotype |
our genetic information that determines our species and our characteristics |
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phenotypes |
directly observeable traits, from interaction between genes and environment or genotype (G) + environment (E) + genotype & environment interactions (GE) → phenotype (P) |
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x-linked characteristics |
when a trait is in a recessive gene carried on the X chromosome. this results in a male being more likely to inherit the trait because male sex chromosomes do not match |
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male chromosomes |
X Y |
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female chromosomes |
X X |
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gametes |
sex cells which are produced through a cell division process called meiosis results in each cell having half of the number of chromosomes (sperm and/or egg) |
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autosomes |
22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes that are matching pairs meaning they are not sex chromosomes (allosomes) |
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dizygotic twins |
fraternal twins results from the release and fertilization of two ova (eggs) |
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monozygotic twins |
identical twins a zygote that starts to duplicate seperates into two (or more) clusters of cells that develop into two (or more) individuals |
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causes of multiple births |
ethnicity family history age nutrition number of births fertility drugs and in-vitro fertilization |
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dominant/recessive inheritance |
only one allele affects child's characteristics. it is called ________________. the second allele has no effects. it is called ____________. hair cloor is an example |
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incomplete dominance |
pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype this results in a combined trait or intermediate between the two |
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allele |
recall that except for the XY chromosome pair in males, all chromosomes come in matching pairs. two forms of each gene occur in the same place on the chromosome (one mom's and one dad's) each form of a gene is called an ______________. |
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homozygous |
if the alleles from both parents are alike, then the child will display the inherited trait this child is referred to as _______________. |
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heterozygous |
if the alleles from both parents are different, then the child is _________________. |
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polygenic inheritance
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many genes affect the the characteristic in question |
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downs syndrome |
chromosomal abnormality in which the 21st pair of chromosomes fails to separate completely. this results in an extra chromosome |
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relationship between maternal age and chromosomal abnormalities |
risk rises sharply after age 35 |
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gestation |
start of pregnancy |
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embryo |
2 weeks after gestation |
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due date based on |
last menstrual period |
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period of the zygote |
Lasts about 2 weeks zygote- fertilization in fallopian tubes blastocyst- 60 to 70 cells by 4th day implantation- by end of 1st week embryonic disc- cells inside become the new organism trophoblast- membrane called the amnion that encloses the organism in amniotic fluid (acts as a cushion and regulates temperature) |
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period of the embryo |
2nd - 8th week Key events- arms, legs, face, organs, muscles all develop Heart begins beating embryonic disc folds over to form 3 cell layers ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
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period of the Fetus |
9th week to end of pregnancy Length- 30 weeks Key events- growth and finishing 12th week- external genitals are well formed |
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trimesters |
germinal embryonic fetal |
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lanugo |
white downy hair that covers the fetus protects the fetus skin |
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vernix |
mucus that covers the fetus protects the fetus skin |
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age of viability |
age at which a fetus can live outside the womb 22-26 weeks |
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embryonic disc |
cells inside the ___________________ fold over into 3 layers to become different parts of the body. |
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Ectoderm layer of the embryonic disc |
becomes nervous system, & skin |
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mesoderm layer of the embryonic disc |
becomes muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, some internal organs |
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endoderm layer of the embryonic disc |
becomes digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, glands |
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birth complications after the age of 40 |
maternal preclampsia low birth weight fetal death |
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three stages of birth |
1. dilation and effacement of uterus/cervix (lasts 12-14 hours for 1st and 4-6 hours for later) 2. delivery (lasts about 50 minutes 1st, 20 minutes later) 3. delivery of the placenta (lasts 5-10 minutes) |
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APGAR |
done at 1 minute and five minute intervals after birth Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration |
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birth weights |
Low birth weight <5.5 #'s Very Low Birth Weight <3 #'s Extremely low birth weight <2 #'s |
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Preterm pregnancy |
born weeks before the due date may be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy |
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small for date |
may be born at due date or preterm |
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interventions for preterm infants |
Isolette respirator feeding tube intravenous medication |
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newborn reflexes |
eye blink withdrawal rooting sucking/gag swimming moro (layback flail) palmar grasp tonic neck stepping babinski (foot/hand arch) |
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length of pregnancy |
266 days or 38 weeks or 9 months |
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newborn sense of hearing |
can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth prefer human speech over non speech |
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newborn sense of taste and smell |
prefer sweet tastes quickly learn to like new tastes have odor preferences can locate odors and identify mother by smell |
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newborn sense of touch |
sensitivity to touch is present at birth physical touch releases endorphins |
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newborn sense of vision |
least developed sense at birth they can scan environment and track moving objects by 12 months their vision is as good as an adults |
